Planning of emergency evacuation routes in densely populated urban areas during earthquakes
YANG Jianfeng1, ZHAN Hui1, CHEN Liangchao2, DOU Zhan1
1. College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; 2. College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
Abstract:This study analyzed the planning of emergency evacuation routes in densely populated urban areas after earthquakes using an urban university campus as an example. The available campus refuge places were determined from campus literature and in-person investigations. The analysis then considered the influence of a falling outer building wall onto the evacuation route for various earthquake acceleration rates using the concept of an "evacuation virtual wall". Then, the Pathfinder software was used to develop an optimized evacuation plan for various earthquake acceleration rates, crowd distributions, personal coping behavior characteristics and exit arch phenomena that may occur during the evacuation. Finally, escape and evacuation simulation results are compared to determine the best evacuation plan to improve campus safety management.
[1] 国家市场监督管理总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会.中华人民共和国国家标准:公共安全大规模疏散规划指南:GB/T 35047-2018[S]. 北京:中国标准出版社, 2018. State Administration for Market Regulation, Standardization administration. Societal security-Mass evacuation-Guidelines for planning:GB/T 35047-2018[S]. Beijing:Standards Press of China, 2018.(in Chinese) [2] RENDÓN ROZO K, ARELLANA J, SANTANDER- MERCADO A, et al. Modelling building emergency evacuation plans considering the dynamic behaviour of pedestrians using agent-based simulation[J]. Safety Science, 2019, 113:276-284. [3] GUO R Y, HUANG H J. Logit-based exit choice model of evacuation in rooms with internal obstacles and multiple exits[J]. Chinese Physics B, 2010, 19(3):030501. [4] GUO R Y, HUANG H J. Route choice in pedestrian evacuation:Formulated using a potential field[J]. Journal of Statistical Mechanics:Theory and Experiment, 2011, 2011(4):P04018. [5] ZHU K J, YANG Y, SHI Q. Study on evacuation of pedestrians from a room with multi-obstacles considering the effect of aisles[J]. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 2016, 69:31-42. [6] 康顺旺, 刘刚.基于GIS空间分析方法的危化品泄漏事故应急疏散路径规划[J]. 测绘, 2020, 43(3):122-125. KANG S W, LIU G. Emergency evacuation path planning of hazardous chemical leakage accident based on GIS spatial analysis method[J]. Surveying and Mapping, 2020, 43(3):122-125.(in Chinese) [7] 吴正言, 张春勤, 莫时旭. 地震疏散路径规划算法[J].武汉理工大学学报(交通科学与工程版), 2014, 38(2):308-311. WU Z Y, ZHANG C Q, MO S X. Earthquake evacuation route planning algorithm[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology (Transportation Science & Engineering), 2014, 38(2):308-311.(in Chinese) [8] HU F Y, YANG S N, XU W. A non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm for the location and districting planning of earthquake shelters[J]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 2014, 28(7):1482-1501. [9] ZHANG J H, LIU Y, ZHAO Y X, et al. Emergency evacuation problem for a multi-source and multi-destination transportation network:Mathematical model and case study[J]. Annals of Operations Research, 2020, 291(1-2):1153-1181. [10] 杨哲飚, 谢昭波, 陆新征, 等. 地震次生坠物情境人员疏散模拟[C]//第28届全国结构工程学术会议. 南昌:《工程力学》杂志社, 2019:492-501. YANG Z B, XIE Z B, LU X Z, et al. Pedestrian evacuation simulation under the scenario with earthquake-induced falling debris[C]//The 28th National Conference on Structural Engineering. Nanchang:Editorial Office of Engineering Mechanics, 2019:492-501.(in Chinese) [11] 中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部. 中华人民共和国国家标准:防灾避难场所设计规范:GB 51143-2015[S]. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2016. Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China. National Standard (Mandatory) of the People's Republic of China:Code for design of disasters mitigation emergency congregate shelter:GB 51143-2015[S]. Beijing:China Architecture & Building Press, 2016.(in Chinese) [12] 谢昭波, 陆新征, 杨哲飚, 等. 地震导致外围护填充墙坠落的试验研究及伤害风险范围分析[J]. 自然灾害学报, 2018, 27(1):17-26. XIE Z B, LU X Z, YANG Z B, et al. Experimental research and range of injury risk analysis of earthquake-induced hazard of falling exterior infill walls[J]. Journal of Natural Disasters, 2018, 27(1):17-26.(in Chinese) [13] 中国地震局. 震情速递[EB/OL].[2021-04-20]. https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/xwzx/zqsd/index.html. China Earthquake Administration. Earthquake bulletin[EB/OL].[2021-04-20]. https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/xwzx/zqsd/index.html. (in Chinese) [14] 国家技术监督局. 中国成年人人体尺寸:GB/T 10000-1988[S]. 北京:中国标准出版社, 1988. The State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision. Human dimensions of Chinese adults:GB/T 10000-1988[S]. Beijing:Standards Press of China, 1988. (in Chinese) [15] 左进, 史吉康. 基于Anylogic仿真模拟的高密度传统街区应急疏散研究——以天津小白楼五号地为例[J]. 南方建筑, 2019(3):82-88. ZUO J, SHI J K. Research on the emergency evacuation of traditional blocks of high density using anylogic:Site No.5 of Tianjin Xiao bai Lou used as an example[J]. South Architecture, 2019(3):82-88.(in Chinese) [16] 张良, 吴农, 马宏伟, 等. 建筑火灾下人员疏散行为的分析与环境的仿真模拟[J]. 安防科技, 2009(11):3-8. ZHANG L, WU N, MA H W, et al. Analysis of evacuation behavior in building fire and simulation of environment[J]. Safety & Security Technology, 2009(11):3-8.(in Chinese)