Abstract：[Objective] In the practical applications of a parachute, its force state is complicated and exists in different phases, including the deployment, inflation, and steady-state descent phases. Current parachute design and verification methods based on traditional static tensioning do not match the real usage of parachute materials. Material performance verification tests for parachutes in real environments have become a major concern for researchers. To simulate the real working condition of a parachute as closely as possible in the ground material test and improve the design verification method, a test program was designed according to actual working conditions from three aspects:fatigue load, plane bidirectional load, and vertical plane load on the textile material for a parachute. Obvious breathing and surge phenomena are observed in the parachute inflation process, making the parachute fabric material experience repeated loading and unloading. To study the influence of fatigue load on the parachute strength, the fatigue test was designed for the fabric material for a parachute. In the fatigue test, two typical fabric structures were tested in 150, 250, 500, and 1 000 cycles. The parachute was in a typical multidirectional stress state during the use, whereas the existing traditional static tensile test is a one-way test. The breaking strength of the material under biaxial tensile load was tested and compared with the strength of the material under uniaxial tensile. The parachute fabric would inherit the vertical force on its surface during use, the bursting test was conducted to study the fabric's ability to bear the vertical load, and the load calculation method for the fabric subjected to a vertical plane load was proposed and compared with the fracture strength of the fabric subjected to the plane load. The fatigue test results showed that the breaking strength of the fabric did not substantially change following the fatigue load, but the load reduced the elongation of nylon; 2 fabric materials were tested, and the elongation at the break of two kinds of nylon seams was reduced from about 15% to about 11% after 1 000 cycles of fatigue load, and the reduction of elongation at the break reduced the tensile breaking work. The test results of breaking strength of the material under biaxial tensile load showed no significant difference in the uniaxial tensile strength between the two kinds of nylon plain weave fabrics commonly used for parachutes. The bursting test results showed that the breaking strength of the nylon fabric under a vertical plane load was less than the nominal breaking strength of the material, with a maximum strength loss of about 16%, and the test results could be applied to the calculation method of parachute strength design factor to guide parachute design. The test results showed that under a vertical plane load, the breaking of nylon fabric in a T-shape indicates that it has a good warp and weft strength uniformity; if the breaking occurs in a zigzag shape, there is a difference in the warp and weft strength of the nylon fabric. In the actual use environment of a parachute, the fabric is subjected to the coupling effects of vertical plane load and fatigue conditions; thus, the changes in the breaking strength and elongation at the break must be considered comprehensively.
[1] WAY D W, POWEL R W, CHEN A, et al. Mars science laboratory:Entry, descent, and landing system performance[C]//2007 IEEE Aerospace Conference. Big Sky, USA:IEEE, 2007:1-19. [2] DESAI P N, KNOCKE P C. Mars exploration rovers entry, descent, and landing trajectory analysis[J]. The Journal of the Astronautical Sciences, 2007, 55(3):311-323. [3] 张青斌, 王昱, 宋旭民, 等. 降落伞载荷分析介绍[J]. 航天返回与遥感, 2003, 24(4):1-4. ZHANG Q B, WANG Y, SONG X M, et al. Introducing of parachute loading analysis[J]. Spacecraft Recovery & Remote Sensing, 2003, 24(4):1-4. (in Chinese) [4] 贾贺, 荣伟, 包进进, 等. 探月返回器降落伞减速系统设计及试验验证[J]. 航天器工程, 2020, 29(4):26-33. JIA H, RONG W, BAO J J, et al. Design and verification of parachute deceleration system for lunar return capsule[J]. Spacecraft Engineering, 2020, 29(4):26-33. (in Chinese) [5] 战培国. 美国国家全尺寸空气动力设施进展综述[J]. 航空科学技术, 2021, 32(4):1-7. ZHAN P G. Review of American national full-scale aerodynamics complex developments[J]. Aeronautical Science and Technology, 2021, 32(4):1-7. (in Chinese) [6] 王从磊. 降落伞火箭撬试验开伞动载计算模型与分析[J]. 系统仿真学报, 2018, 30(12):4574-4579. WANG C L. Computational model and analysis of parachute's opening load in rocket sled experiments[J]. Journal of System Simulation, 2018, 30(12):4574-4579. (in Chinese) [7] 史文辉, 陈曦, 陈允浩, 等. 降落伞拉直过程的动力学仿真与试验[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2021, 21(8):3379-3386. SHI W H, CHEN X, CHEN Y H, et al. Dynamic simulation and test of parachute deployment[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2021, 21(8):3379-3386. (in Chinese) [8] 黄明星, 高树义, 王立武, 等. "天问一号"降落伞材料性能分析与试验研究[J]. 深空探测学报(中英文), 2021, 8(5):478-485. HUANG M X, GAO S Y, WANG L W, et al. Performance analysis and experimental study of Tianwen-1 parachute material[J]. Journal of Deep Space Exploration, 2021, 8(5):478-485. (in Chinese) [9] RUNKLE R E, WOODIS W R. Space shuttle solid rocket booster decelerator subsystem drop test 3-anatomy of a failure[C]//6th Aerodynamic Decelerator and BalloonTechnology Conference. Houston, USA:AIAA, 1979:100-110. [10] 李峰. 降落伞用锦纶伞材织物的防灼和阻燃研究[J]. 合成纤维, 2018, 47(1):45-47. LI F. Study on anti-burning and flame retardancy of polyamide fabric for parachute[J]. Synthetic Fiber in China, 2018, 47(1):45-47. (in Chinese) [11] 安蕾, 郭琪磊, 孙鹏. 液滴对降落伞织物冲击的数值研究[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2019, 19(24):405-409. AN L, GUO Q L, SUN P. Numerical simulations on impact of droplet on parachute fabric[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2019, 19(24):405-409. (in Chinese) [12] 李东豪. 结冰对降落伞回收过程影响分析[D]. 长沙:国防科学技术大学, 2015. LI D H. Analysis of the impact of icing on the parachute recovery process[D]. Changsha:National University of Defense Technology, 2015. (in Chinese) [13] 刘泊天, 于翔天, 张静静, 等. 空间用特种纺织品的评价检验[J]. 理化检验(物理分册), 2019, 55(1):28-32, 38. LIU B T, YU X T, ZHANG J J, et al. Evaluation and inspection of special textiles used in space[J]. Physical Testing and Chemical Analysis Part A:Physical Testing, 2019, 55(1):28-32, 38. (in Chinese) [14] SINGH H, MUKHOPADHYAY A, CHATTERJEE A. Influence of bias angle of stitching on tensile characteristics of lapped seam parachute canopy fabric-Part I:Mathematical modelling for determining test specimen size[J]. Journal of Industrial Textiles, 2016, 46(1):292-319. [15] MUKHOPADHYAY A, CHATTERJEE A, SINGH H. Influence of bias angle of stitching on tensile characteristics of lapped seam parachute canopy fabric-Part II:Study on optimized test specimen dimension[J]. Journal of Industrial Textiles, 2016, 46(1):320-332. [16] 储才元, 张佑霞. 土工布的动态蠕变及疲劳性能[J]. 纺织学报, 2002, 23(1):33-35. CHU C Y, ZHANG Y X. Dynamic creep and fatigue properties of geotextiles[J]. Journal of Textile Research, 2002, 23(1):33-35. (in Chinese) [17] 孙利哲. 安全气囊织物的动态性能研究[D]. 上海:东华大学, 2007. SUN L Z. Study on the dynamic properties of airbag fabrics[D]. Shanghai:Dong Hua University, 2007. (in Chinese) [18] 李嘉禄, 杨红娜, 寇长河. 三维编织复合材料的疲劳性能[J]. 复合材料学报, 2005, 22(4):172-176. LI J L, YANG H N, KOU C H. Fatigue properties of three dimensional braiding composites[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica, 2005, 22(4):172-176. (in Chinese) [19] 高成军. 织物膜材双轴试验方法、膜材试验及力学行为研究[D]. 上海:上海交通大学, 2016. GAO C J. Biaxial test methods, experiments and mechanical behavior of fabric membranes[D]. Shanghai:Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2016. (in Chinese) [20] LUO Y X, HU H, FANGUEIRO R. Tensile and tearing properties of PVC coated biaxial warp knitted fabrics under biaxial loads[J]. Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research, 2008, 33(2):146-150. [21] 于伟东. 纺织材料学[M]. 2版. 北京:中国纺织出版社, 2018. YU W D. Textile material science[M]. 2nd ed. Beijing:China Textile & Apparel Press, 2018. (in Chinese) [22] MORRIS A L, OLSON L, TAYLOR T. Load asymmetry observed during orion main parachute inflation[C]//21st AIAA Aerodynamic Decelerator Systems Technology Conference and Seminar. Dublin, Ireland:AIAA, 2011:2611. [23] LUO Y X, HU H. Mechanical properties of PVC coated bi-axial warp knitted fabric with and without initial cracks under multi-axial tensile loads[J]. Composite Structures, 2009, 89(4):536-542. [24] 杨国标, 方如华, 曾伟明, 等. 材料的双轴拉伸的规律的研究[J]. 实验力学, 2006, 21(5):596-600. YANG G B, FANG R H, ZENG W M, et al. Experimental study of spring-back emulation system with high precision[J]. Journal of Experimental Mechanics, 2006, 21(5):596-600. (in Chinese) [25] 姚学锋, 戴福隆, KOLSTEIN M H, 等. 具有中心孔的正交复合材料板在双轴载荷下的应力分析[J]. 实验力学, 2002, 17(S1):175-181. YAO X F, DAI F L, KOLSTEIN M H, et al. Stress analysis on finite orthotropic composite plate with a central hole under biaxial loading[J]. Journal of Experimental Mechanics, 2002, 17(S1):175-181. (in Chinese) [26] 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. 汽车内饰用纺织材料接缝疲劳试验方法:GB/T 32011-2015[S]. 北京:中国标准出版社, 2015. General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China, Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China. Textile trim materials in the interior of auromobiles-Test method for seam fatigue:GB/T 32011-2015[S]. Beijing:Standards Press of China, 2015. (in Chinese) [27] 中国纺织总会. 特种工业用锦丝带涤丝带:FZ 66311-1995[S]. 北京:中国标准出版社, 1995. China National Textile Council.Nylon and polyester ribbon for special industry:FZ 66311-1995[S]. Beijing:Standards Press of China, 1995. (in Chinese) [28] 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会.纺织品织物拉伸性能第1部分:断裂强力和断裂伸长率的测定(条样法):GB/T 3923.1-2013[S]. 北京:中国标准出版社, 2013. General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China. Textiles-Tensile properties of fabrics-Part1 Determination of maximum force and elongation at maximum force using the strip method:GB/T 3923.1-2013[S]. Beijing:Standards Press of China, 2013. (in Chinese) [29] 国防科学技术工业委员会.军用薄型锦丝绸规范:GJB 5511-2005[S]. 北京:中国标准出版社, 2005. Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense.Specification for military light nylon fabrics:GJB 5511-2005[S]. Beijing:Standards Press of China, 2005. (in Chinese) [30] 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会.纺织品胀织物破性能第1部分:胀破强力和胀破扩张度的测定液压法:GB/T 7742.1-2005[S]. 北京:中国标准出版社, 2005. General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China, Textiles-Bursting properties of fabrics-Part 1:Hydraulic method for determination of bursting strength and bursting distension:GB/T 7742.1-2005[S]. Beijing:Standards Press of China, 2005. (in Chinese) [31] 陈丽华. 弹力针织物的疲劳测试方法[J]. 纺织学报, 2014, 35(12):57-62. CHEN L H. Research on test method for spandex fatigue of elastic warp knitted fabrics[J]. Journal of Textile Research, 2014, 35(12):57-62. (in Chinese)
2023, Vol. 63 
