Abstract：[Objective] Future community is a novel type of ecological low-carbon urban functional unit that follows sustainable development objectives and the sponge city construction concept. Some studies have employed different methods targeting data accessibility and technical requirements to explore future community planning. However, a systematic method is still lacking for different planning and design stages, additions to which will support the planning layout of sponge source facilities for future communities.[Methods] To integrate the future community planning methods incorporating the sponge city construction concept, a multimethod framework for the sponge source facility layout of the future community was constructed, adopting the volume capture ratio (VCR) method, the modeling method, and the multiobjective optimization method for different data and technical requirements. The results from the case study of a community to be transformed into a future community in a rainy southern Chinese city showed that the VCR method demonstrated the lowest data and technical requirements, which could generate a layout scheme meeting the volume capture ratio of annual rainfall (VCRAR). This method is particularly suitable for the early stages of the sponge source facility layout planning for limited data. However, a model was required for further assessments of pollution and carbon reduction, along with additional relevant data (drainage network, rainfall data, etc.). To achieve multiobjective comprehensive environmental benefits and the cost-effectiveness of future communities, a multiobjective optimization method could be incorporated. Nevertheless, intelligent optimization algorithms and model coupling technology were indispensable to achieve multiobjective optimization.[Results] The runoff management efficiencies of different schemes employed by these methods indicated that the sponge source facility layout scheme by the VCR method achieved approximately 80% VCRAR. The VCR-based scheme was further evaluated by the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), demonstrating a decline in the runoff peak flow from 5.65 m3·s-1 in the traditional scheme (without sponge facilities) to 2.17 m3·s-1, and the VCRAR changed from 51.87% in the traditional scheme to 79.43%. A 21.69%—30.52% reduction in the peak concentrations of total suspended solids, nitrogen, phosphorus, and chemical oxygen demand and a 284.87 t·y-1 carbon reduction over the traditional scheme were recorded, exhibiting significant pollution and carbon reduction improvement of the VCR-based scheme. The multiobjective optimization scheme based on the multiobjective optimization method by coupling SWMM and NSGA-II aimed for the best cost-effectiveness, which resulted in a 3.29% and a 1.51% decrease in the green roof and the sunken greenbelt area, respectively, and a 2.13% increase in the permeable pavement area, as well as an 18.67% reduction in the cost compared to the VCR-based scheme. Thus, the increased area of permeable pavement made it the preferred choice. Moreover, the multiobjective optimization scheme displayed superior peak flow reduction (21.20% decrease), peak concentration reduction of different pollutants (6.32%-16.67% decrease), rainwater reuse rate (1.17%-2.65% increase), and carbon reduction (7.91%-12.66% increase) over the VCR-based scheme. However, in the multiobjective optimization scheme, the increase in the permeable pavement area increased the carbon emission by 178.40 t as compared to the VCR-based scheme.[Conclusions] Utilizing the carbon emission indicator as a control objective in the optimization process is necessary for future studies. Nonetheless, the multiobjective optimization scheme achieved higher net carbon reduction benefits due to higher annual reductions and needed about seven years to achieve carbon emission recovery. Briefly, the VCR method has a simple and easy operation, and it can meet the requirements of future community planning and runoff control objectives, while the multiobjective optimization method can achieve the best environmental benefits and cost-effectiveness.
张潇月, 李玥, 王晨杨, 陈正侠, 贾海峰. 面向不同需求的未来社区海绵源头设施布局方法[J]. 清华大学学报（自然科学版）, 2023, 63(9): 1483-1492.
ZHANG Xiaoyue, LI Yue, WANG Chenyang, CHEN Zhengxia, JIA Haifeng. Layout methods of sponge source facilities for future community based on different needs. Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology), 2023, 63(9): 1483-1492.
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2023, Vol. 63 
