| HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING |
|
|
|
|
|
Literature review of conflicts and cooperation over transboundary freshwater resources |
| GUO Liying, TIAN Fuqiang, WEI Jing, LU You, NI Guangheng |
| Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China |
|
|
|
|
Abstract The scarcity of water resources and the variety of water demands lead to conflicts between water users, especially in transboundary freshwater systems passing through several countries or regions. In the absence of a whole-basin management approach, the management of transboundary freshwater resources tends to degrade into a Tragedy of the Commons. However, the conflict and cooperation are closely related to the sustainable development of the river basin, the security and stability of the region, and the diplomacy between the water users in various countries. Therefore, research on conflict and cooperation over transboundary freshwater resources has great practical significance. This review presents an analytical research framework for conflict and cooperation in managing transboundary water resources and categorizes previous research into deduction and induction research paradigms. Three major research directions are how to define and quantify the status of water conflicts and cooperation, what are the drivers of water conflicts and cooperation and how do water conflicts and cooperation evolve. The literature review reveals knowledge gaps and potential future research directions. In future research, deduction will be used with induction to integrate the advantages of the two research paradigms. The review also shows the global dynamics and driving mechanisms of water conflicts and cooperation. The inner relationships between transboundary and domestic water resources need further exploration. In addition, new transboundary freshwater resource management strategies are needed to cope with the opportunities and challenges brought by economic development and climate change.
|
| Keywords
water resource management
transboundary rivers
transboundary aquifers
water conflicts and cooperation
sustainable development
water diplomacy
|
|
Issue Date: 10 March 2022
|
|
|
[1] 何大明, 冯彦. 国际河流跨境水资源合理利用与协调管理[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2006. HE D M, FENG Y. Reasonable utilization and coordinated management of transboundary water resources of international rivers[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 2006. (in Chinese)
[2] United Nations. Progress on transboundary water cooperation under the water convention:Report on implementation of the convention on the protection and use of transboundary watercourses and international lakes[M]. New York:United Nations, 2018.
[3] MCCRACKEN M, WOLF A T. Updating the register of international river basins of the world[J]. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2019, 35(5):732-782.
[4] UNESCO. 全球跨境水合作领域进展[EB/OL]. (2018-09-03)[2021-01-28]. https://zh.unesco.org/news/quan-qiu-kua-jing-shui-he-zuo-ling-yu-jin-zhan.UNESCO. Progress in the field of global transboundary water cooperation[EB/OL]. (2018-09-03)[2021-01-28]. https://zh.unesco.org/news/quan-qiu-kua-jing-shui-he-zuo-ling-yu-jin-zhan. (in Chinese)
[5] United Nations. Progress on transboundary water cooperation 2018:Global baseline for SDG 6 indicator 6.5.2[M]. New York:United Nations, 2019.
[6] SADOFF C W, GREY D. Cooperation on international rivers:A continuum for securing and sharing benefits[J]. Water International, 2009, 30(4):420-427.
[7] PETERSEN-PERLMAN J D, VEILLEUX J C, WOLF A T. International water conflict and cooperation:Challenges and opportunities[J]. Water International, 2017, 42(2):105-120.
[8] GROTE M. Internationale politik:Ein konfliktmodell by ernst-otto czempiel[J]. American Political Science Review, 1982, 76(3):706-707.
[9] UNDESA. International decade for action ‘Water for Life’ 2005-2015. Focus areas:Water cooperation[EB/OL] (2013-01)[2021-03-30]. https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/water_cooperation.shtml.
[10] United Nations. Target 6.5-water resources management[EB/OL].[2020-10-29]. https://www.sdg6monitoring.org/indicators/target-65/.
[11] United Nations. Indicator|SDG 6 Data[EB/OL].[2020-10-29]. https://sdg6data.org/indicator/6.5.1.
[12] JUST R E, NETANYAHU S. Conflict and cooperation on trans-boundary water resources[M]. Boston:Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998.
[13] SALMAN S M A. Downstream riparians can also harm upstream riparians:The concept of foreclosure of future uses[J]. Water International, 2010, 35(4):350-364.
[14] O'HARA S L. Lessons from the Past:Water management in central Asia[J]. Water Policy, 2000, 2(4):365-384.
[15] HARDIN G. The tragedy of the commons[J]. Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research, 2009, 1(3):243-253.
[16] GUO L D, ZHOU H W, XIA Z Q, et al. Evolution, opportunity and challenges of transboundary water and energy problems in Central Asia[J]. Springerplus, 2016, 5(1):1918.
[17] TAWFIK R. Revisiting hydro-hegemony from a benefit-sharing perspective:The case of the grand Ethiopian renaissance dam[R/OL]. (2015-05)[2021-01-22]. https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/199455.
[18] GEBRELUEL G. Ethiopia's grand renaissance dam:Ending Africa's oldest geopolitical rivalry?[J]. The Washington Quarterly, 2014, 37(2):25-37.
[19] COMAIR G F, MCKINNEY D C, SIEGEL D. Hydrology of the Jordan river basin:Watershed delineation, precipitation and evapotranspiration[J]. Water Resources Management, 2012, 26(14):4281-4293.
[20] ZEITOUN M. Power and water in the Middle East:The hidden politics of the Palestinian-Israeli water conflict[M]. London:I.B. Tauris, 2008.
[21] SMITH L V. Sovereignty at the Paris peace conference of 1919[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2018.
[22] TESSLER M A. A history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict[M]. 2nd ed. Bloomington:Indiana University Press, 2009.
[23] FRÖHLICH C J. Security and discourse:The Israeli-Palestinian water conflict[J]. Conflict, Security & Development, 2012, 12(2):123-148.
[24] JONGERDEN J. Dams and politics in turkey:Utilizing water, developing conflict[J]. Middle East Policy, 2010, 17(1):137-143.
[25] WEISS M I. A perfect storm:The causes and consequences of severe water scarcity, institutional breakdown and conflict in Yemen[J]. Water International, 2015, 40(2):251-272.
[26] BROMWICH B. Nexus meets crisis:A review of conflict, natural resources and the humanitarian response in Darfur with reference to the water-energy-food nexus[J]. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2015, 31(3):375-392.
[27] MIRUMACHI N. Transboundary water politics in the developing world[M]. London; New York:Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.
[28] 中华人民共和国外交部. 澜沧江-湄公河合作概况[EB/OL].[2021-01-22]. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/wjb_673085/zzjg_673183/yzs_673193/dqzz_673197/lcjmghhz_692228/gk_692230/. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. Lancang-Mekong cooperation[EB/OL].[2021-01-22]. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/wjb_673085/zzjg_673183/yzs_673193/dqzz_673197/lcjmghhz_692228/gk_692230/. (in Chinese)
[29] YOSHIMATSU H. The United States, China, and geopolitics in the Mekong Region[J]. Asian Affairs:An American Review, 2015, 42(4):173-194.
[30] U.S. Mission to ASEAN. Launch of the Mekong-U.S. partnership:Expanding U.S. Engagement with the Mekong Region[EB/OL]. U.S. Mission to ASEAN. (2020-09-15)[2021-03-08]. https://asean.usmission.gov/launch-of-the-mekong-u-s-partnership-expanding-u-s-engagement-with-the-mekong-region/.
[31] OSBORNE M. The Mekong[M]. New York:Atlantic Monthly Press, 2000.
[32] BAMÓN R, LABARCA R, PALIS J, et al. Dynamical systems[M]. Berlin New York:Springer-Verlag, 1988.
[33] JACKSON T, RADUNSKAYA A. Applications of dynamical systems in biology and medicine[M]. New York:Springer, 2015.
[34] STROGATZ S H. Nonlinear dynamics and chaos:With applications to physics, biology, chemistry, and engineering[M]. 2nd ed. Boca Raton:CRC Press, 2018.
[35] STANOJEVIĆJ, KUKIĆ K. Dynamical systems in economics[J]. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2018, 1926(1):020043.
[36] TURCHIN P. Toward cliodynamics:An analytical, predictive science of history[J]. Cliodynamics, 2011, 2(1):167-186.
[37] VALLACHER R R, NOWAK A. Dynamical systems in social psychology[M]. San Diego:Academic Press, 1994.
[38] MEISS J. Dynamical systems[J]. Scholarpedia, 2007, 2(2):1629.
[39] SADOFF C W, GREY D. Beyond the river:The benefits of cooperation on international rivers[J]. Water Policy, 2002, 4(5):389-403.
[40] WOLF A T, YOFFE S B, GIORDANO M. International waters:Identifying basins at risk[J]. Water Policy, 2003, 5(1):29-60.
[41] ZEITOUN M, MIRUMACHI N. Transboundary water interaction I:Reconsidering conflict and cooperation[J]. International Environmental Agreements:Politics, Law and Economics, 2008, 8(4):297-316.
[42] DINAR S. Scarcity and cooperation along international rivers[J]. Global Environmental Politics, 2009, 9(1):109-13.
[43] WOLF A, STAHL K, MACOMBER M. Conflict and cooperation within international river basins:The importance of institutional capacity[J]. Universities Council on Water Resources, Water Resources Update, 2003:125
[44] CHOUDHURY E, ISLAM S. Complexity of transboundary water conflicts:Enabling conditions for negotiating contingent resolutions[M]. London:Anthem Press, 2018.
[45] MADANI K. Game theory and water resources[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2010, 381(3-4):225-238.
[46] DO P, TIAN F Q, ZHU T J, et al. Exploring synergies in the water-food-energy nexus by using an integrated hydro-economic optimization model for the Lancang-Mekong river basin[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 728:137996.
[47] LU Y, TIAN F Q, GUO L Y, et al. Socio-hydrologic modeling of the dynamics of cooperation in the transboundary Lancang-Mekong River[J]. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2021, 25(4):1883-1903.
[48] ISLAM S, MADANI K. Water diplomacy in action:Contingent approaches to managing complex water problems[M]. London:Anthem Press, 2017.
[49] TFDD. Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database:Program in water conflict management and transformation[DB/OL].[2020-11-27]. College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University. https://transboundarywaters.science.oregonstate.edu/content/transboundary-freshwater-dispute-database.
[50] SWANSTRÖM N L P, WEISSMANN M. Conflict, conflict prevention, conflict management and beyond:A conceptual exploration[M]. Uppsala:Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program, 2005.
[51] WOHLFELD M. An overview of the conflict cycle[M]. Valletta:Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies, 2010.
[52] LUND M S. Preventing violent conflicts:A strategy for preventive diplomacy[M]. Washington, DC:United States Institute of Peace, 1996.
[53] United States Institute of Peace. U.S. online training on OSCE[EB/OL].[2021-01-22]. http://react.usip.org/pub/m3/p4.html
[54] YOFFE S, WOLF A T, GIORDANO M. Conflict and cooperation over international freshwater resources:Indicators of basins at risk[J]. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 2003, 39(5):1109-1126.
[55] BERARDO R, GERLAK A K. Conflict and cooperation along international rivers:Crafting a model of institutional effectiveness[J]. Global Environmental Politics, 2012, 12(1):101-120.
[56] RVTTINGER L, SMITH D, GERALD S, et al. A new climate for peace-taking action on climate and fragility risks[R]. Germany:European Union Institute for Security Studies, 2015.
[57] POHL B. EU foreign policy and crisis management operations:Power, purpose and domestic politics[M]. Abingdon:Routledge, 2014.
[58] BALLIET D, PARKS C, JOIREMAN J. Social value orientation and cooperation in social dilemmas:A meta-analysis[J]. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 2009, 12(4):533-547.
[59] SONG J, WHITTINGTON D. Why have some countries on international rivers been successful negotiating treaties? A global perspective[J]. Water Resources Research, 2004, 40(5):W05S06.
[60] WALTZ K N. Theory of international politics[M]. Manhattan:McGraw-Hill, 1979.
[61] ZAWAHRI N A, MITCHELL S M. Fragmented governance of international rivers:Negotiating bilateral versus multilateral treaties[J]. International Studies Quarterly, 2011, 55(3):835-858.
[62] WILLIAMS J M. Discourse inertia and the governance of transboundary rivers in Asia[J]. Earth System Governance, 2020, 3:100041.
[63] MVLLER M F, MVLLER-ITTEN M C, GORELICK S M. How Jordan and Saudi Arabia are avoiding a tragedy of the commons over shared groundwater?[J]. Water Resources Research, 2017, 53(7):5451-5468.
[64] DOMBROWSKY I. Conflict, cooperation and institutions in international water management:An economic analysis[M]. Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007.
[65] 钟勇. 基于互惠合作的跨界河流开发利用博弈模型研究[D]. 北京:清华大学, 2016.ZHONG Y. Study on game theory of reciprocity cooperation on transboundary rivers[D]. Beijing:Tsinghua University, 2016. (in Chinese)
[66] YU Y, ZHAO J S, ASCE M, et al. Effects of hydrologic conditions and reservoir operation on transboundary cooperation in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin[J]. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 2019, 145(6):04019020.
[67] LI D N, ZHAO J S, GOVINDARAJU R S. Water benefits sharing under transboundary cooperation in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2019, 577:123989.
[68] YU Y, TANG P Z, ZHAO J S, et al. Evolutionary cooperation in transboundary river basins[J]. Water Resources Research, 2019, 55(11):9977-9994.
[69] SIVAPALAN M, SAVENIJE H H G, BLÖSCHL G. Socio-hydrology:A new science of people and water[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2012, 26(8):1270-1276.
[70] LIU Y, TIAN F, HU H, et al. Socio-hydrologic perspectives of the co-evolution of humans and water in the tarim river basin, Western China:The Taiji-tire model[J]. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2014, 18(4):1289-1303.
[71] 田富强, 程涛, 芦由, 等. 社会水文学和城市水文学研究进展[J]. 地理科学进展, 2018, 37(1):46-56. TIAN F Q, CHENG T, LU Y, et al. A review on socio-hydrology and urban hydrology[J]. Progress in Geography, 2018, 37(1):46-56.(in Chinese)
[72] KANDASAMY J, SOUNTHARARAJAH D, SIVABALAN P, et al. Socio-hydrologic drivers of the pendulum swing between agricultural development and environmental health:A case study from murrumbidgee river basin, Australia[J]. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2014, 18(3):1027-1041.
[73] DI BALDASSARRE G, KOOY M, KEMERINK J S, et al. Towards understanding the dynamic behaviour of floodplains as human-water systems[J]. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2013, 17(8):3235-3244.
[74] GONZALES P, AJAMI N. Social and structural patterns ofdrought-related water conservation and rebound[J]. Water Resources Research, 2017, 53(12):10619-10634.
[75] BALDASSARRE G D, SIVAPALAN M, RUSCA M, et al. Socio-hydrology:Scientific challenges in addressing the sustainable development goals[J]. Water Resources Research, 2019, 55(8):6327-6355.
[76] 芦由. 跨境河流合作演化的社会水文模型研究[D]. 北京:清华大学, 2021. LU Y. Research on the social hydrological model of the cooperative evolution of transboundary rivers[D]. Beijing:Tsinghua University, 2021. (in Chinese)
[77] TIAN F Q, LU Y, HU H C, et al. Dynamics and driving mechanisms of asymmetric human water consumption during alternating wet and dry periods[J]. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 2019, 64(5):507-524.
[78] ZAREIE S, BOZORG-HADDAD O, LOÁICIGA H A. A state-of-the-art review of water diplomacy[J]. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2021, 23(2):2337-2357.
[79] BAR. Basins at risk, program in water conflict management and transformation, Oregon State University[DB/OL].[2020-11-27]. https://transboundarywaters.science.oregonstate.edu/content/basins-risk.
[80] WOLF A T. The transboundary freshwater dispute database project[J]. Water International, 2009, 24(2):160-163.
[81] LAZER D, PENTLAND A, ADAMIC L, et al. Computational social science[J]. Science, 2009, 323(5915):721-723.
[82] BERNAUER T, BÖHMELT T. International conflict and cooperation over freshwater resources[J]. Nature Sustainability, 2020, 3(5):350-356.
[83] GLADWELL M. The tipping point:How little things can make a big difference[M]. Boston:Back Bay Books, 2002.
[84] SAVENIJE H H G. Water scarcity indicators:The deception of the numbers[J]. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B:Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere, 2000, 25(3):199-204.
[85] WINDER N, MCINTOSH B S, JEFFREY P. The origin, diagnostic attributes and practical application of co-evolutionary theory[J]. Ecological Economics, 2005, 54(4):347-361.
[86] KUMAR P. Typology of hydrologic predictability[J]. Water Resources Research, 2011, 47(3):W00H05.
[87] MILLY P C D, BETANCOURT J, FALKENMARK M, et al. Stationarity is dead:Whether water management?[J]. Science, 2008, 319(5863):573-574.[WX)] |
|
Viewed |
|
|
|
Full text
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
|
Cited |
|
|
|
|
| |
Shared |
|
|
|
|
| |
Discussed |
|
|
|
|
2022,
Vol. 62
