北京市污水处理系统温室气体排放及未来预测

王明; 何国华; 窦鹏; 秦长海; 赵勇; 朱永楠; 姜珊

doi:10.16511/j.cnki.qhdxxb.2023.22.034

PDF(6775 KB)

清华大学学报（自然科学版） ›› 2024, Vol. 64 ›› Issue (2) : 282-293. DOI: 10.16511/j.cnki.qhdxxb.2023.22.034

水利水电工程

北京市污水处理系统温室气体排放及未来预测

王明¹, 何国华^1,2, 窦鹏³, 秦长海^1,2, 赵勇^1,2, 朱永楠¹, 姜珊¹

作者信息 +

Greenhouse gas emissions and future forecast of the sewage treatment system in Beijing

WANG Ming¹, HE Guohua^1,2, DOU Peng³, QIN Changhai^1,2, ZHAO Yong^1,2, ZHU Yongnan¹, JIANG Shan¹

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

污水处理系统作为重要的温室气体排放源，其低碳运行受到国内外学者广泛关注。该文基于北京市污水处理流程，构建了污水处理系统温室气体排放核算体系，对2010—2020年全市污水处理系统的温室气体排放规模进行核算，并预测了2035年不同情景下的温室气体排放特征。结果表明： 2010—2020年北京市污水处理系统排放的温室气体总量明显上升，年均增幅达6.03%；污水处理是温室气体排放最多的环节，其直接和间接排放的温室气体总量占整个系统的51.27%；不同处理标准和处理工艺的排放强度差异明显，北京地方标准的排放强度大于国家标准，处理能力较高的膜生物反应器（MBR）工艺排放强度是目前普遍使用的厌氧-缺氧-好氧（AAO）工艺的1.77倍；在基准情景、高标准出水情景、低碳排放情景下，2035年北京市污水处理系统的温室气体排放量均会增加，其中低碳情景的增幅最小，但投资和占地面积分别需要多增加49.95亿元和192万m²。基于该研究结果，从源头、过程和终端3个方面提出了相应温室气体减排建议。

Abstract

[Objective] The low-carbon operation of sewage treatment systems has received significant attention globally as an important source of greenhouse gas emissions. However, existing research shows a deficiency in the prognostic analysis of future trends in urban sewage treatment systems, and insufficient attention is devoted to greenhouse gases from the sewage pipe network and sludge treatment facilities in greenhouse gas accounting. Consequently, the calculated results fall significantly below the actual values, thus impeding the formulation of targeted emission reduction measures. Although Beijing is one of the cities in China with the highest level of wastewater reuse, the large-scale use of wastewater could significantly increase greenhouse gas emissions. Researching greenhouse gas emissions from Beijing's wastewater treatment system could bear reference significance for other cities under the strategic backdrop of China's carbon peaking by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060. [Methods] A greenhouse gas accounting system of the sewage treatment system was established to measure the scale of greenhouse gas emissions from 2010 to 2020 based on the sewage treatment process in Beijing. The greenhouse gas accounting system for Beijing's sewage treatment system consisted of three stages:sewage pipeline network, sewage treatment, and sludge disposal. The accounting scope comprised direct emissions of CH₄, N₂O, and fossil fuel CO₂, as well as indirect emissions of CO₂ resulting from equipment operation and chemical consumption. Greenhouse gas emissions for each stage were computed using the emission factor method. Additionally, various calculation formulas and parameters were introduced, such as CH₄ emission factors, N₂O emission factors, and chemical emission factors. Therefore, the greenhouse gas emissions of each stage were calculated and aggregated, using the sewage treatment plant as the calculation unit, to obtain the overall greenhouse gas emissions of Beijing's sewage treatment system. Additionally, the scenario analysis method was used in this study to predict the characteristics of greenhouse gas emissions under different scenarios in 2035. [Results] The following research results are presented:(1) From 2010 to 2020, there has been a significant increase in the level of greenhouse gas emissions emitted by Beijing's sewage treatment system, rising from 1.191 3 to 2.269 1 million tons. Sewage treatment is the most significant stage, accounting for 51.27% of total emissions, followed by sludge disposal (39.92%) and sewage pipeline network (8.81%). (2) The sources of greenhouse gas emissions vary significantly across different stages. The sewage pipeline network is mainly associated with electricity consumption and CH₄ emission, whereas sewage treatment is primarily associated with electricity consumption and N₂O emission. The sludge disposal stage mainly contributes to CH₄ and N₂O emissions. Generally, it can be observed that indirect emissions, which include the consumption of electricity and chemical, constitute 62.79% of the total greenhouse gas emissions from Beijing's sewage treatment system. (3) The emission intensities of different treatment standards and processes are different:the emission intensity of the Beijing landmark exceeds the national standard, and the emission intensity of the membrane bio-reactor technology is 1.77 times that of anaerobic-anoxic-oxic technology. (4) The greenhouse gas emissions of Beijing's sewage treatment system in 2035 will increase in the baseline, high standard effluent, and low carbon emission scenarios by 59.87%, 110.69%, and 41.37% compared with 2020. Although the low carbon emission scenario has the smallest increase, its realization requires an additional investment of 4.995 billion Yuan and an area of 1.92 million m². [Conclusions] The research results show a significant increase in greenhouse gas emissions from Beijing's sewage treatment system and provide pertinent emission reduction recommendations.

导出引用

王明, 何国华, 窦鹏, 秦长海, 赵勇, 朱永楠, 姜珊. 北京市污水处理系统温室气体排放及未来预测[J]. 清华大学学报（自然科学版）. 2024, 64(2): 282-293 https://doi.org/10.16511/j.cnki.qhdxxb.2023.22.034

WANG Ming, HE Guohua, DOU Peng, QIN Changhai, ZHAO Yong, ZHU Yongnan, JIANG Shan. Greenhouse gas emissions and future forecast of the sewage treatment system in Beijing[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology). 2024, 64(2): 282-293 https://doi.org/10.16511/j.cnki.qhdxxb.2023.22.034

中图分类号： X511

参考文献

[1] 杨晶, 张阿玲, 韩维建. 温室气体稳定目标下部门减排责任分解方法[J]. 清华大学学报(自然科学版), 2011, 51(4):521-524. YANG J, ZHANG A L, HAN W J. Allocation methodology for sectoral responsibilities of GHG emission reduction with the stabilization objective [J]. Journal of Tsinghua University (Science and Technology), 2011, 51(4):521-524. (in Chinese)
[2] 王洪臣. 我国城镇污水处理行业碳减排路径及潜力[J]. 给水排水, 2017, 43(3):1-3, 73. WANG H C. The carbon emission reduction path and potential of China's urban sewage treatment industry [J]. Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2017, 43(3):1-3, 73. (in Chinese)
[3] DU W J, LU J Y, HU Y R, et al. Spatiotemporal pattern of greenhouse gas emissions in China's wastewater sector and pathways towards carbon neutrality [J]. Nature Water, 2023, 1(2):166-175.
[4] 张岳, 葛铜岗, 孙永利, 等. 基于城镇污水处理全流程环节的碳排放模型研究[J]. 中国给水排水, 2021, 37(9):65-74. ZHANG Y, GE T G, SUN Y L, et al. Research on carbon emission model based on the whole process of urban sewage treatment [J]. China Water & Wastewater, 2021, 37(9):65-74. (in Chinese)
[5] 翟萌, 邵越, 徐福军. 西安污水处理厂温室气体排放及减排对策研究[J]. 环境工程, 2016, 34(2):23-26. ZHAI M, SHAO Y, XU F J. Countermeasures on greenhouse gas emission reduction for the wastewater treatment plants of Xi'an [J]. Environmental Engineering, 2016, 34(2):23-26. (in Chinese)
[6] 闫旭, 邱德志, 郭东丽, 等. 中国城镇污水处理厂温室气体排放时空分布特征[J]. 环境科学, 2018, 39(3):1256-1263. YAN X, QIU D Z, GUO D L, et al. Emission inventory of greenhouse gas from urban wastewater treatment plants and its temporal and spatial distribution in China [J]. Environmental Science, 2018, 39(3):1256-1263. (in Chinese)
[7] DEMIR Ö, YAPICIOǦLU P. Investigation of GHG emission sources and reducing GHG emissions in a municipal wastewater treatment plant [J]. Greenhouse Gases:Science and Technology, 2019, 9(5):948-964.
[8] 谢淘, 汪诚文. 污水处理厂温室气体排放评估[J]. 清华大学学报(自然科学版), 2012, 52(4):473-477. XIE T, WANG C W. Greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater treatment plants [J]. Journal of Tsinghua University (Science and Technology), 2012, 52(4):473-477. (in Chinese)
[9] NAKKASUNCHI S, HEWITT N J, ZOPPI C, et al. A review of energy optimization modelling tools for the decarbonisation of wastewater treatment plants [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 279:123811.
[10] THAUER R K. Biochemistry of methanogenesis:A tribute to Marjory Stephenson:1998 Marjory Stephenson Prize lecture [J]. Microbiology, 1998, 144(9):2377-2406.
[11] EL-FADEL M, MASSOUD M. Methane emissions from wastewater management [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2001, 114(2):177-185.
[12] SHEPPARD S K, GRAY N, HEAD I M, et al. The impact of sludge amendment on gas dynamics in an upland soil:Monitored by membrane inlet mass spectrometry [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2005, 96(10):1103-1115.
[13] PRÉNDEZ M, LARA-GONZÁLEZ S. Application of strategies for sanitation management in wastewater treatment plants in order to control/reduce greenhouse gas emissions [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2008, 88(4):658-664.
[14] SINGH V, PHULERIA H C, CHANDEL M K. Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from municipal wastewater treatment systems in India [J]. Water and Environment Journal, 2017, 31(4):537-544.
[15] 余娇, 赵荣钦, 肖连刚, 等. 基于"水-能-碳"关联的城市污水处理系统碳排放研究[J]. 资源科学, 2020, 42(6):1052-1062. YU J, ZHAO R Q, XIAO L G, et al. Carbon emissions of urban wastewater treatment system based on the "water-energy-carbon" nexus [J]. Resources Science, 2020, 42(6):1052-1062. (in Chinese)
[16] CHEN Y M, XU C G, VAIDYANATHAN S. Microalgae:A robust "green bio-bridge" between energy and environment [J]. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 2018, 38(3):351-368.
[17] 唐娇娇, 谢军祥, 陈重军, 等. 城镇污水处理厂碳中和技术及案例[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(5):2662-2671. TANG J J, XIE J X, CHEN C J, et al. Carbon neutral technologies and case studies in urban sewage treatment plants [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(5):2662-2671. (in Chinese)
[18] 郭盛杰, 黄海伟, 董欣, 等. 中国城镇污水处理行业温室气体排放核算及其时空特征分析[J]. 给水排水, 2019, 45(4):56-62. GUO S J, HUANG H W, DONG X, et al. Calculation of greenhouse gas emissions of municipal wastewater treatment and its temporal and spatial trend in China [J]. Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2019, 45(4):56-62. (in Chinese)
[19] 胡香, 陈孔明, 李涛. 巢湖流域城镇污水处理厂温室气体排放特征分析[J]. 环境污染与防治, 2022, 44(10):1409-1414. HU X, CHEN K M, LI T. Characteristic analysis of greenhouse gas emissions in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Chaohu Lake Basin [J]. Environmental Pollution & Control, 2022, 44(10):1409-1414. (in Chinese)
[20] 伍鹏程, 廖程浩. 广东省污水处理过程中温室气体排放研究[J]. 绿色科技, 2022, 24(8):94-99. WU P C, LIAO C H. Research on greenhouse gas emissions during sewage treatment in Guangdong province [J]. Journal of Green Science and Technology, 2022, 24(8):94-99. (in Chinese)
[21] 王曦溪, 李振山. 1998-2008年我国废水污水处理的碳排量估算[J]. 环境科学学报, 2012, 32(7):1764-1776. WANG X X, LI Z S. Estimation of carbon emission from wastewater treatment from 1998 to 2008 in China [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2012, 32(7):1764-1776. (in Chinese)
[22] 张成, 易建婷, 陈宏, 等. 重庆市城镇生活污水处理碳排放核算[J]. 西南大学学报(自然科学版), 2014, 36(9):135-139. ZHANG C, YI J T, CHEN H, et al. Estimation of carbon emission from urban wastewater treatment in Chongqing [J]. Journal of Southwest University (Natural Science Edition), 2014, 36(9):135-139. (in Chinese)
[23] 鲍志远. 典型城市污水处理工艺温室气体排放特征及减排策略研究[D]. 北京:北京林业大学, 2019. BAO Z Y. Study on characteristics and mitigation strategies of greenhouse gases emissions from typical domestic wastewater treatment processes [D]. Beijing:Beijing Forestry University, 2019. (in Chinese)
[24] 陆家缘. 中国污水处理行业碳足迹与减排潜力分析[D]. 合肥:中国科学技术大学, 2019. LU J Y. Carbon footprint and reduction potential of Chinese wastewater treatment sector [D]. Hefei:University of Science and Technology of China, 2019. (in Chinese)
[25] JIN P K, GU Y G, SHI X, et al. Non-negligible greenhouse gases from urban sewer system [J]. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 2019, 12:100.
[26] PAN T, ZHU X D, YE Y P. Estimate of life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions from a vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland and conventional wastewater treatment plants:A case study in China [J]. Ecological Engineering, 2011, 37(2):248-254.
[27] SHORT M D, DAIKELER A, PETERS G M, et al. Municipal gravity sewers:An unrecognised source of nitrous oxide [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2014, 468-469:211-218.
[28] SHORT M D, DAIKELER A, WALLIS K, et al. Dissolved methane in the influent of three Australian wastewater treatment plants fed by gravity sewers [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 599-600:85-93.
[29] FOLEY J, YUAN Z G, LANT P. Dissolved methane in rising main sewer systems:Field measurements and simple model development for estimating greenhouse gas emissions [J]. Water Science and Technology, 2009, 60(11):2963-2971.
[30] FOLEY J, YUAN Z G, KELLER J, et al. N₂O and CH₄ emission from wastewater collection and treatment systems:Technical report [R]. London, UK:Global Water Research Coalition, 2011.
[31] LIU Y W, SHARMA K R, MURTHY S, et al. On-line monitoring of methane in sewer air [J]. Scientific Reports, 2014, 4(1):6637.
[32] LIU Y W, SHARMA K R, FLUGGEN M, et al. Online dissolved methane and total dissolved sulfide measurement in sewers [J]. Water Research, 2015, 68:109-118.
[33] LIU Y W, NI B J, GANIGUÉ R, et al. Sulfide and methane production in sewer sediments [J]. Water Research, 2015, 70:350-359.
[34] YAN X, LI L, LIU J X. Characteristics of greenhouse gas emission in three full-scale wastewater treatment processes [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2014, 26(2):256-263.
[35] BAO Z Y, SUN S C, SUN D Z. Assessment of greenhouse gas emission from A/O and SBR wastewater treatment plants in Beijing, China [J]. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2016, 108:108-114.
[36] SINGH P, KANSAL A, CARLIELL-MARQUET C. Energy and carbon footprints of sewage treatment methods [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2016, 165:22-30.
[37] HUA H, JIANG S Y, YUAN Z W, et al. Advancing greenhouse gas emission factors for municipal wastewater treatment plants in China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2022, 295:118648.
[38] WANG D, YE W L, WU G X, et al. Greenhouse gas emissions from municipal wastewater treatment facilities in China from 2006 to 2019[J]. Scientific Data, 2022, 9(1):317.
[39] 邢永杰, 马伟芳, 陈国伟, 等. 北京市污泥处置现状及生态利用研究[J]. 中国给水排水, 2012, 28(4):31-34. XING Y J, MA W F, CHEN G W, et al. Study on present disposal status and ecological use of sewage sludge in Beijing [J]. China Water & Wastewater, 2012, 28(4):31-34. (in Chinese)
[40] 韩菲, 薛同来, 姚虹. 北京市城镇污水处理厂污泥处理处置问题分析与对策研究[J]. 广东化工, 2016, 43(15):170-171. HAN F, XUE T L, YAO H. Problem analysis and countermeasure study on sludge treatment and disposal in urban sewage treatment plant in Beijing [J]. Guangdong Chemical Industry, 2016, 43(15):170-171. (in Chinese)
[41] 王涛, 杨明. 北京市污水处理厂污泥处理处置的概况及问题[J]. 中国环保产业, 2016(11):64-68. WANG T, YANG M. General situation & problems of sludge treatment and disposal in Beijing sewage treatment plant [J]. China Environmental Protection Industry, 2016(11):64-68. (in Chinese)
[42] 刘洪涛, 黄卫东. 北京地区污泥无害化处理与安全土地利用的现状与建议[J]. 环境工程, 2019, 37(S):290-292. LIU H T, HUANG W D. Sludge harmless treatment and its soil amendment under environmental risk control in Beijing [J]. Environmental Engineering, 2019, 37(S):290-292. (in Chinese)
[43] 李雪怡, 梁远, 方小锋, 等. 北京市污泥处理处置现状总结分析[J]. 中国给水排水, 2021, 37(22):38-42. LI X Y, LIANG Y, FANG X F, et al. Summarization and analysis of sludge treatment and disposal in Beijing [J]. China Water & Wastewater, 2021, 37(22):38-42. (in Chinese)
[44] 林文聪, 赵刚, 刘伟, 等. 污水厂污泥典型处理处置工艺碳排放核算研究[J]. 环境工程, 2017, 35(7):175-179. LIN W C, ZHAO G, LIU W, et al. Study on carbon emission accounting for typical processes of sewage sludge treatment and disposal [J]. Environmental Engineering, 2017, 35(7):175-179. (in Chinese)
[45] CHAI C Y, ZHANG D W, YU Y L, et al. Carbon footprint analyses of mainstream wastewater treatment technologies under different sludge treatment scenarios in China [J]. Water, 2015, 7(3):918-938.
[46] LIU B B, WEI Q, ZHANG B, et al. Life cycle GHG emissions of sewage sludge treatment and disposal options in Tai lake watershed, China [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2013, 447:361-369.
[47] BRENTRUP F, HOXHA A, CHRISTENSEN B. Carbon footprint analysis of mineral fertilizer production in Europe and other world regions [C]//Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Life Cycle Assessment of Food. Dublin, Ireland:University College Dublin Press, 2016:482-490.
[48] 何星海, 马世豪, 罗孜. 北京市《城镇污水处理厂水污染物排放标准》解读[J]. 给水排水, 2013, 39(10):123-127. HE X H, MA S H, LUO Z. Explanation of Beijing Local Standard of Discharge Standard of Water Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants [J]. Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2013, 39(10):123-127. (in Chinese)
[49] 刘乔木, 纪玉琨, 姜帅, 等. 北京市再生水利用现状及问题分析[J]. 北京水务, 2016(6):18-21. LIU Q M, JI Y K, JIANG S, et al. Analysis of the current situation and problems of reclaimed water utilization in Beijing [J]. Beijing Water, 2016(6):18-21. (in Chinese)
[50] 郝晓地, 陈峤, 李季, 等. MBR工艺全球应用现状及趋势分析[J]. 中国给水排水, 2018, 34(20):7-12. HAO X D, CHEN Q, LI J, et al. Status and trend of MBR process application in the world [J]. China Water & Wastewater, 2018, 34(20):7-12. (in Chinese)
[51] 中华人民共和国生态环境部. 北京城市排水集团有限责任公司小红门再生水厂[EB/OL]. (2019-08-29) [2023-01-31]. https://www.mee.gov.cn/home/ztbd/rdzl/sskf/kfss/bjs/dep/201908/t20190829_730638.shtml. Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Repulic of China. Beijing Drainage Group Co. Ltd. Xiaohongmen Reclaimed Water Plant [EB/OL]. (2019-08-29) [2023-01-31]. https://www.mee.gov.cn/home/ztbd/rdzl/sskf/kfss/bjs/dep/201908/t20190829_730638.shtml. (in Chinese)
[52] 污水处理工程网. 海淀区稻香湖再生水厂[EB/OL]. (2017-05-18) [2023-01-31]. https://www.dowater.com/company/2017-05-18/547742.html. Dowater.com. Daoxiang Lake Reclaimed Water Plant in Haidian District [EB/OL]. (2017-05-18) [2023-01-31]. https://www.dowater.com/company/2017-05-18/547742.html. (in Chinese)
[53] 北京市人民政府. 北京市人民政府关于更新出让国有建设用地使用权基准地价的通知[EB/OL]. (2022-03-18) [2023-01-31]. https://www.beijing.gov.cn/zhengce/zfwj/zfwj2016/szfwj/202203/t20220318_2634201.html. The People's Government of Beijing Municipality. Notice of the People's Government of Beijing Municipality on updating the benchmark land price for the transfer of state-owned construction land use rights [EB/OL]. (2022-03-18) [2023-01-31]. https://www.beijing.gov.cn/zhengce/zfwj/zfwj2016/szfwj/202203/t20220318_2634201.html. (in Chinese)