Preliminary exploration of marine pollution evolutionary ecology: From behavior,  adaptation to evolution

LI Xinyang; ZHU Xiaoshan; TAO Yi

doi:10.16511/j.cnki.qhdxxb.2023.21.006

PDF(1353 KB)

Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology) ›› 2023, Vol. 63 ›› Issue (12) : 2042-2056. DOI: 10.16511/j.cnki.qhdxxb.2023.21.006

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Preliminary exploration of marine pollution evolutionary ecology: From behavior, adaptation to evolution

{{article.zuoZhe_EN}}

Author information +

History +

Abstract

[Significance] Marine environmental pollution has become a globally concerning environmental issue, which has attracted the great attention of governments and scientists in coastal countries. The release of large quantities of pollutants into the oceans has inevitable lasting effects and harm to marine life and can even bring about irreversible changes leading to the degradation or deterioration of the ecosystem. However, marine organisms under pollution stress do not always await their doom. Considerable evidence suggests that marine organisms could respond to pollution stress at the individual, population, and community levels, leading to molecular-level to ecosystem-scale effects and eventually reaching either adaptation/coexistence or degradation/death, with dynamic processes of interactions and changeable evolutionary outcomes between the two.[Progress] In general, organisms can adapt to complex environments in three mechanisms, namely, behavioral change, phenotypic alteration, and genetic evolution. The initial response to environmental stress from pollution is generally behavioral (such as escape or migration to favorable habitats or vigilance). However, the continuous degradation of the environment makes migration more difficult, and some sedentary organisms (e.g., corals) can hardly move once immobilized, forcing the organisms to immediately react in situ. Altering the phenotype appears to be the best solution. This rapid nongenetic mechanism is based on the ability of individual genotypes to produce different phenotypes in response to the environment, which allows marine organisms to adapt and survive in the polluted marine environment. However, such phenotypic adjustments can be highly variable in the life cycle within a generation or even across generations. Phenotypic plasticity within a generation may play an important role in survival through rapid environmental change. In marine pollution, organisms may alter their macro or micromorphology and sex specificity or adjust the transcriptome characteristics and metabolic pathway expression of different organs, which play a detoxification-oriented role, within a generation for self-preservation. Although plasticity is usually shown under environmental conditions experienced by the parental generation, these conditions can also affect their offspring from one to multiple generations. That is, populations can adjust their phenotypes within several generations, which is called transgenerational phenotypic plasticity. Environmental pollution persists across generations for most species, and these organisms may evolve through transgenerational phenotypic plasticity to fight against environmental pollution. This may help in understanding the effects of pollution on marine organisms. Accordingly, supposing that plasticity works for the adaptation of organisms, its primary role is likely to buffer the cost of evolutionary mismatches and facilitate genetic evolution by "gaining time". Consequently, the phenotypes could be more adaptive to the current conditions, and these genetically based adaptations would continue to evolve until completion.[Conclusions and Prospects] This review has done comprehensive literature research, collected various scenarios, and summarized the laws of the short-term response and long-term adaptation of marine organisms under pollution stress based on the viewpoint of evolutionary ecology and relevant principles in pollution ecology. From the perspective of behavior, adaptation, and evolution, this review preliminarily discussed the significance of marine pollution evolutionary ecology and attempted to summarize and explore the interactions and connections between pollution and organisms in the marine environment, providing new insights for the protection of the marine environment and the development of marine sciences.

Key words

marine pollution / pollutant / behavior / adaptation / evolutionary ecology

Cite this article

EndNote

Ris (Procite)

Bibtex

Download Citations

LI Xinyang, ZHU Xiaoshan, TAO Yi. Preliminary exploration of marine pollution evolutionary ecology: From behavior, adaptation to evolution[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology). 2023, 63(12): 2042-2056 https://doi.org/10.16511/j.cnki.qhdxxb.2023.21.006

References

[1] PALUMBI S R. Humans as the world's greatest evolutionary force[J]. Science, 2001, 293(5536):1786-1790.
[2] HALPERN B S, FRAZIER M, AFFLERBACH J, et al. Recent pace of change in human impact on the world's ocean[J]. Scientific Reports, 2019, 9(1):11609.
[3] GALLETLY B C, BLOWS M W, MARSHALL D J. Genetic mechanisms of pollution resistance in a marine invertebrate[J]. Ecological Applications, 2007, 17(8):2290-2297.
[4] 王映雪.污染生态学的新发展--污染进化生态学[J].云南环境科学, 1998, 17(1):20-22. WANG Y X. New development of pollution biology-pollution evolutionary biology[J]. Yunnan Environmental Science, 1998, 17(1):20-22.(in Chinese)
[5] KLAINE S J, ALVAREZ P J J, BATLEY G E, et al. Nanomaterials in the environment:Behavior, fate, bioavailability, and effects[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2008, 27(9):1825-1851.
[6] CANESI L, CIACCI C, FABBRI R, et al. Bivalve molluscs as a unique target group for nanoparticle toxicity[J]. Marine Environmental Research, 2012, 76:16-21.
[7] MATRANGA V, CORSI I. Toxic effects of engineered nanoparticles in the marine environment:Model organisms and molecular approaches[J]. Marine Environmental Research, 2012, 76:32-40.
[8] WANG Q Y, Lü Y L, LI Q G. A review on submarine oil and gas leakage in near field:Droplets and plume[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2022, 29(6):8012-8025.
[9] UDDIN S, FOWLER S W, SAEED T, et al. Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in sediments from the Gulf and Omani waters:Status and review[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2021, 173:112913.
[10] MADADI R, SAEEDI M, KARBASSI A. A short review of heavy metal pollution status in Musa fjord sediments[J]. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2020, 13(24):1288.
[11] FANG T H, LIEN C Y. Mini review of trace metal contamination status in East China Sea sediment[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2020, 152:110874.
[12] MISHRA A K, FAROOQ S H. Trace metal accumulation in seagrass and saltmarsh ecosystems of India:Comparative assessment and bioindicator potential[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2022, 174:113251.
[13] SOBOTKA J, LAMMEL G, SLOBODNÍK J, et al. Dynamic passive sampling of hydrophobic organic compounds in surface seawater along the South Atlantic Ocean east-to-west transect and across the Black Sea[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2021, 168:112375.
[14] DROMARD C R, DEVAULT D A, BOUCHON-NAVARO Y, et al. Environmental fate of chlordecone in coastal habitats:Recent studies conducted in Guadeloupe and Martinique (Lesser Antilles)[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2022, 29(1):51-60.
[15] MERHABY D, RABODONIRINA S, NET S, et al. Overview of sediments pollution by PAHs and PCBs in mediterranean basin:Transport, fate, occurrence, and distribution[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2019, 149:110646.
[16] AVELLAN A, DUARTE A, ROCHA-SANTOS T. Organic contaminants in marine sediments and seawater:A review for drawing environmental diagnostics and searching for informative predictors[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2022, 808:152012.
[17] PETERSEN F, HUBBART J A. The occurrence and transport of microplastics:The state of the science[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 758:143936.
[18] RATHI B S, KUMAR P S, SHOW P L. A review on effective removal of emerging contaminants from aquatic systems:Current trends and scope for further research[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021, 409:124413.
[19] VITOUSEK P M, MOONEY H A, LUBCHENCO J, et al. Human domination of Earth's ecosystems[J]. Science, 1997, 277(5325):494-499.
[20] CHEN J H, ZHANG W P, LI S F, et al. Identifying critical factors of oil spill in the tanker shipping industry worldwide[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, 180:1-10.
[21] JERNELÖV A. The threats from oil spills:Now, then, and in the future[J]. AMBIO, 2010, 39(5):353-366.
[22] ANDERSEN J H, MURRAY C, REKER J B, et al. Contaminants in Europe's seas[R]. Copenhagen:European Environment Agency, 2019.
[23] MALLIK A, XAVIER K A M, NAIDU B C, et al. Ecotoxicological and physiological risks of microplastics on fish and their possible mitigation measures[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 779:146433.
[24] ERIKSEN M, LEBRETON L C M, CARSON H S, et al. Plastic pollution in the world's oceans:More than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250, 000 tons afloat at sea[J]. PLoS One, 2014, 9(12):e111913.
[25] BILAL M, RASHEED T, SOSA-HERNÁNDEZ J E, et al. Biosorption:An interplay between marine algae and potentially toxic elements-A review[J]. Marine Drugs, 2018, 16(2):65.
[26] LORIA A, CRISTESCU M E, GONZALEZ A. Mixed evidence for adaptation to environmental pollution[J]. Evolutionary Applications, 2019, 12(7):1259-1273.
[27] COFFIN J L, KELLEY J L, JEYASINGH P D, et al. Impacts of heavy metal pollution on the ionomes and transcriptomes of Western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis)[J]. Molecular Ecology, 2022, 31(5):1527-1542.
[28] GALLOWAY L F, ETTERSON J R. Transgenerational plasticity is adaptive in the wild[J]. Science, 2007, 318(5853):1134-1136.
[29] THIBERT-PLANTE X, HENDRY A P. The consequences of phenotypic plasticity for ecological speciation[J]. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 2011, 24(2):326-342.
[30] TURCOTTE M M, LEVINE J M. Phenotypic plasticity and species coexistence[J]. Trends in Ecology&Evolution, 2016, 31(10):803-813.
[31] FOX R J, DONELSON J M, SCHUNTER C, et al. Beyond buying time:The role of plasticity in phenotypic adaptation to rapid environmental change[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences, 2019, 374(1768):20180174.
[32] CARROLL S P, JØRGENSEN P S, KINNISON M T, et al. Applying evolutionary biology to address global challenges[J]. Science, 2014, 346(6207):1245993.
[33] MATTHEWS B, JOKELA J, NARWANI A, et al. On biological evolution and environmental solutions[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 724:138194.
[34] NOVACEK M J. The biodiversity crisis:Losing what counts[M]. New York:New Press, 2001.
[35] BARNOSKY A D, MATZKE N, TOMIYA S, et al. Has the Earth's sixth mass extinction already arrived?[J]. Nature, 2011, 471(7336):51-57.
[36] COWIE R H, BOUCHET P, FONTAINE B. The Sixth Mass Extinction:Fact, fiction or speculation?[J]. Biological Reviews, 2022, 97(2):640-663.
[37] HALPERN B S, WALBRIDGE S, SELKOE K A, et al. A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems[J]. Science, 2008, 319(5865):948-952.
[38] HALPERN B S, FRAZIER M, POTAPENKO J, et al. Spatial and temporal changes in cumulative human impacts on the world's ocean[J]. Nature Communications, 2015, 6:7615.
[39] STEELE J H, BRINK K H, SCOTT B E. Comparison of marine and terrestrial ecosystems:Suggestions of an evolutionary perspective influenced by environmental variation[J]. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2019, 76(1):50-59.
[40] GUO J J, HUANG X P, XIANG L, et al. Source, migration and toxicology of microplastics in soil[J]. Environment International, 2020, 137:105263.
[41] BIRCH Q T, POTTER P M, PINTO P X, et al. Sources, transport, measurement and impact of Nano and microplastics in urban watersheds[J]. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 2020, 19(2):275-336.
[42] RYAN P G. Litter survey detects the South Atlantic 'garbage patch'[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2014, 79(1-2):220-224.
[43] JAMIESON A J, BROOKS L S R, REID W D K, et al. Microplastics and synthetic particles ingested by deep-sea amphipods in six of the deepest marine ecosystems on Earth[J]. Royal Society Open Science, 2019, 6(2):180667.
[44] LI X W, CHEN L B, MEI Q Q, et al. Microplastics in sewage sludge from the wastewater treatment plants in China[J]. Water Research, 2018, 142:75-85.
[45] DUIS K, COORS A. Microplastics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment:Sources (with a specific focus on personal care products), fate and effects[J]. Environmental Sciences Europe, 2016, 28(1):2.
[46] NAPPER I E, BAKIR A, ROWLAND S J, et al. Characterisation, quantity and sorptive properties of microplastics extracted from cosmetics[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2015, 99(1-2):178-185.
[47] KIRAN B R, KOPPERI H, MOHAN S V. Micro/Nano-plastics occurrence, identification, risk analysis and mitigation:Challenges and perspectives[J]. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 2022, 21(1):169-203.
[48] BRADY S P, RICHARDSON J L, KUNZ B K. Incorporating evolutionary insights to improve ecotoxicology for freshwater species[J]. Evolutionary Applications, 2017, 10(8):829-838.
[49] WELLS P G, DEPLEDGE M H, BUTLER J N, et al. Rapid toxicity assessment and biomonitoring of marine contaminants-exploiting the potential of rapid biomarker assays and microscale toxicity tests[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2001, 42(10):799-804.
[50] BEYER J, PETERSEN K, SONG Y, et al. Environmental risk assessment of combined effects in aquatic ecotoxicology:A discussion paper[J]. Marine Environmental Research, 2014, 96:81-91.
[51] HELLOU J. Behavioural ecotoxicology, an "early warning" signal to assess environmental quality[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2011, 18(1):1-11.
[52] WONG B B M, CANDOLIN U. Behavioral responses to changing environments[J]. Behavioral Ecology, 2015, 26(3):665-673.
[53] SIH A. Understanding variation in behavioural responses to human-induced rapid environmental change:A conceptual overview[J]. Animal Behaviour, 2013, 85(5):1077-1088.
[54] TOPPING N E, VALENZUELA N. Turtle nest-site choice, anthropogenic challenges, and evolutionary potential for adaptation[J]. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 2021, 9:808621.
[55] LADDS M, ROSEN D, GERLINSKY C, et al. Diving deep into trouble:The role of foraging strategy and morphology in adapting to a changing environment[J]. Conservation Physiology, 2020, 8(1):coaa111.
[56] SCOTT G R, SLOMAN K A. The effects of environmental pollutants on complex fish behaviour:Integrating behavioural and physiological indicators of toxicity[J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2004, 68(4):369-392.
[57] WERNER E E, HALL D J. Ontogenetic habitat shifts in bluegill:The foraging rate-predation risk trade-off[J]. Ecology, 1988, 69(5):1352-1366.
[58] DOWNIE A T, ILLING B, FARIA A M, et al. Swimming performance of marine fish larvae:Review of a universal trait under ecological and environmental pressure[J]. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 2020, 30(1):93-108.
[59] PIGLIUCCI M. Phenotypic plasticity:Beyond nature and nurture[M]. Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.
[60] ROPER D S, HICKEY C W. Behavioural responses of the marine bivalve Macomona liliana exposed to copper-and chlordane-dosed sediments[J]. Marine Biology, 1994, 118(4):673-680.
[61] PEREIRA P, PUGA S, CARDOSO V, et al. Inorganic mercury accumulation in brain following waterborne exposure elicits a deficit on the number of brain cells and impairs swimming behavior in fish (white seabream-Diplodus sargus)[J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2016, 170:400-412.
[62] ZIZZA M, CANONACO M, FACCIOLO R M. Orexin-A rescues chronic copper-dependent behavioral and HSP90 transcriptional alterations in the ornate wrasse brain[J]. Neurotoxicity Research, 2017, 31(4):578-589.
[63] NABINGER D D, ALTENHOFEN S, BITENCOURT P E R, et al. Nickel exposure alters behavioral parameters in larval and adult zebrafish[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 624:1623-1633.
[64] RODRIGUES G Z P, STAUDT L B M, MOREIRA M G, et al. Histopathological, genotoxic, and behavioral damages induced by manganese (II) in adult zebrafish[J]. Chemosphere, 2020, 244:125550.
[65] FU C W, HORNG J L, TONG S K, et al. Exposure to silver impairs learning and social behaviors in adult zebrafish[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021, 403:124031.
[66] DURIER G, NADALINI J B, SAINT-LOUIS R, et al. Sensitivity to oil dispersants:Effects on the valve movements of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis and the giant scallop Placopecten magellanicus, in sub-arctic conditions[J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2021, 234:105797.
[67] WANG X B, LI X S, XIONG D Q, et al. Effects of stranded heavy fuel oil subacute exposure on the fitness-related traits of sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius[J]. Marine and Freshwater Research, 2022, 73(6):754-761.
[68] LARI E, ABTAHI B, HASHTROUDI M S. The effect of the water soluble fraction of crude oil on survival, physiology and behaviour of Caspian roach, Rutilus caspicus (Yakovlev, 1870)[J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2016, 170:330-334
[69] CLAIREAUX G, QUÉAU P, MARRAS S, et al. Avoidance threshold to oil water-soluble fraction by a juvenile marine teleost fish[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2018, 37(3):854-859.
[70] CRESCI A, PARIS C B, BROWMAN H I, et al. Effects of exposure to low concentrations of oil on the expression of cytochrome P4501a and routine swimming speed of Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) larvae in situ[J]. Envir-onmental Science&Technology, 2020, 54(21):13879-13887.
[71] SILVA C O, NOVAIS S C, ALVES L M F, et al. Linking cholinesterase inhibition with behavioural changes in the sea snail Gibbula umbilicalis:Effects of the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos[J]. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C:Toxicology&Pharmacology, 2019, 225:108570.
[72] BAMBER S, RUNDBERGET J T, KRINGSTAD A, et al. Effects of simulated environmental discharges of the salmon lice pesticides deltamethrin and azamethiphos on the swimming behaviour and survival of adult Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis)[J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2021, 240:105966.
[73] DAMASCENO J M, RATO L D, SIMÕES T, et al. Exposure to the insecticide sulfoxaflor affects behaviour and biomarkers responses of Carcinus maenas (Crustacea:Decapoda)[J]. Biology, 2021, 10(12):1234.
[74] NEMA S, BHARGAVA Y. Quantitative assessment of cypermethrin induced behavioural and biochemical anomalies in adult zebrafish[J]. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 2018, 68:57-65.
[75] ALALIBO K, PATRICIA U A, RANSOME D E. Effects of Lambda Cyhalothrin on the behaviour and histology of gills of Sarotherodon melanotheron in brackish water[J]. Scientific African, 2019, 6:e00178.
[76] FONG P P, DIPENTA K E, JONIK S M, et al. Short-term exposure to tricyclic antidepressants delays righting time in marine and freshwater snails with evidence for low-dose stimulation of righting speed by imipramine[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019, 26(8):7840-7846.
[77] LOPES J, COPPOLA F, RUSSO T, et al. Behavioral, physiological and biochemical responses and differential gene expression in Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol and sodium lauryl sulfate[J]. Journal of Hazardous Material, 2022, 426:128058.
[78] POULSEN A H, KAWAGUCHI S, KING C K, et al. Behavioural sensitivity of a key Southern Ocean species (Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba) to p, p'-DDE exposure[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2012, 75(1):163-170.
[79] JEYAVANI J, SIBIYA A, BHAVANIRAMYA S, et al. Toxicity evaluation of polypropylene microplastic on marine microcrustacean Artemia salina:An analysis of implications and vulnerability[J]. Chemosphere, 2022, 296:133990.
[80] MCCALLUM E S, BOSE A P H, WARRINER T R, et al. An evaluation of behavioural endpoints:The pharmaceutical pollutant fluoxetine decreases aggression across multiple contexts in round goby (Neogobius melanostomus)[J]. Chemosphere, 2017, 175:401-410.
[81] CHOI J S, JUNG Y J, HONG N H, et al. Toxicological effects of irregularly shaped and spherical microplastics in a marine teleost, the sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon Variegatus)[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2018, 129(1):231-240.
[82] YIN L Y, CHEN B J, XIA B, et al. Polystyrene microplastics alter the behavior, energy reserve and nutritional composition of marine jacopever (Sebastes schlegelii)[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2018, 360:97-105.
[83] CHRISTOU M, ROPSTAD E, BROWN S, et al. Developmental exposure to a POPs mixture or PFOS increased body weight and reduced swimming ability but had no effect on reproduction or behavior in zebrafish adults[J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2021, 237:105882.
[84] DIAMOND S E, MARTIN R A. The interplay between plasticity and evolution in response to human-induced environmental change[J]. F1000Research, 2016, 5:2835.
[85] ACASUSO-RIVERO C, MURREN C J, SCHLICHTING C D, et al. Adaptive phenotypic plasticity for life-history and less fitness-related traits[J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences, 2019, 286(1904):20190653.
[86] HARMON E A, PFENNIG D W. Evolutionary rescue via transgenerational plasticity:Evidence and implications for conservation[J]. Evolution&Development, 2021, 23(4):292-307.
[87] BALDWIN J M. A new factor in evolution[J]. The American Naturalist, 1896, 30(354):441-451.
[88] CHARMANTIER A, MCCLEERY R H, COLE L R, et al. Adaptive phenotypic plasticity in response to climate change in a wild bird population[J]. Science, 2008, 320(5877):800-803.
[89] NICOTRA A B, ATKIN O K, BONSER S P, et al. Plant phenotypic plasticity in a changing climate[J]. Trends in Plant Science, 2010, 15(12):684-692.
[90] CROZIER L G, HENDRY A P, LAWSON P W, et al. Potential responses to climate change in organisms with complex life histories:Evolution and plasticity in Pacific salmon[J]. Evolutionary Applications, 2008, 1(2):252-270.
[91] IANNELLO M, MEZZELANI M, DALLA ROVERE G, et al. Long-lasting effects of chronic exposure to chemical pollution on the hologenome of the Manila clam[J]. Evolutionary Applications, 2021, 14(12):2864-2880.
[92] GUCLU Z, ERTAN O O. Toxicity and removal of zinc in the three species (Acutodesmus obliquus, Desmodesmus subspicatus and Desmodesmus armatus) belonging to the family, Scenedesmaceae (Chlorophyta)[J]. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2012, 12(2):309-314.
[93] PILATTI F K, RAMLOV F, SCHMIDT E C, et al. In vitro exposure of Ulva lactuca Linnaeus (Chlorophyta) to gasoline-biochemical and morphological alterations[J]. Chemosphere, 2016, 156:428-437.
[94] PEASE C J, JOHNSTON E L, POORE A G B. Genetic variability in tolerance to copper contamination in a herbivorous marine invertebrate[J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2010, 99(1):10-16.
[95] WALDOCK M J, THAIN J E. Shell thickening in Crassostrea gigas:Organotin antifouling or sediment induced?[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 1983, 14(11):411-415.
[96] RENDELL-BHATTI F, PAGANOS P, POUCH A, et al. Developmental toxicity of plastic leachates on the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2021, 269:115744.
[97] MOTTOLA G, NIKINMAA M, ANTTILA K. Copper exposure improves the upper thermal tolerance in a sex-specific manner, irrespective of fish thermal history[J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2022, 246:106145.
[98] KAMALANATHAN M, MAPES S, PROUSE A, et al. Core metabolism plasticity in phytoplankton:Response of Dunaliella tertiolecta to oil exposure[J]. Journal of Phycology, 2022, 58(6):804-814.
[99] CRAWFORD K A, CLARK B W, HEIGER-BERNAYS W J, et al. Altered lipid homeostasis in a PCB-resistant Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) population from New Bedford Harbor, MA, USA[J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2019, 210:30-43.
[100] OZIOLOR E M, HOWARD W, LAVADO R, et al. Induced pesticide tolerance results from detoxification pathway priming[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2017, 224:615-621.
[101] VIDAL-DORSCH D E, BAY S M, RIBECCO C, et al. Genomic and phenotypic response of hornyhead turbot exposed to municipal wastewater effluents[J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2013, 140-141:174-184.
[102] HODGINS-DAVIS A, TOWNSEND J P. Evolving gene expression:From G to E to G×E[J]. Trends in Ecology&Evolution, 2009, 24(12):649-658.
[103] WHITEHEAD A, CLARK B W, REID N M, et al. When evolution is the solution to pollution:Key principles, and lessons from rapid repeated adaptation of killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) populations[J]. Evolutionary Applications, 2017, 10(8):762-783.
[104] BAUTISTA N M, CRESPEL A. Within-and trans-generational environmental adaptation to climate change:Perspectives and new challenges[J]. Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021, 8:729194.
[105] DONELSON J M, SALINAS S, MUNDAY P L, et al. Transgenerational plasticity and climate change experiments:Where do we go from here?[J]. Global Change Biology, 2018, 24(1):13-34.
[106] ENGQVIST L, REINHOLD K. Adaptive trans-generational phenotypic plasticity and the lack of an experimental control in reciprocal match/mismatch experiments[J]. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 2016, 7(12):1482-1488.
[107] SALINAS S, BROWN S C, MANGEL M, et al. Non-genetic inheritance and changing environments[J]. Non-Genetic Inheritance, 2013, 1:38-50.
[108] NEYLAN I P, SIH A, STACHOWICZ J J. Local adaptation in the transgenerational response to copper pollution in the bryozoan Bugula neritina[J]. Ecology and Evolution, 2022, 12(11):e9524.
[109] SOBRAL M, SAMPEDRO L, NEYLAN I, et al. Phenotypic plasticity in plant defense across life stages:Inducibility, transgenerational induction, and transgenerational priming in wild radish[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021, 118(33):e2005865118.
[110] ROMERO-LOPEZ J, LOPEZ-RODAS V, COSTAS E. Estimating the capability of microalgae to physiological acclimatization and genetic adaptation to petroleum and diesel oil contamination[J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2012, 124-125:227-237.
[111] DAO T S, VO T M C, WIEGAND C, et al. Transgenerational effects of cyanobacterial toxins on a tropical micro-crustacean Daphnia lumholtzi across three generations[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 243:791-799.
[112] DINH K V, DINH H T, PHAM H T, et al. Development of metal adaptation in a tropical marine zooplankton[J]. Scientific Reports, 2020, 10(1):10212.
[113] DONELSON J M, MUNDAY P L, MCCORMICK M I, et al. Rapid transgenerational acclimation of a tropical reef fish to climate change[J]. Nature Climate Change, 2012, 2(1):30-32.
[114] THOR P, DUPONT S. Transgenerational effects alleviate severe fecundity loss during ocean acidification in a ubiquitous planktonic copepod[J]. Global Change Biology, 2015, 21(6):2261-2271.
[115] BYRNE M, FOO S A, ROSS P M, et al. Limitations of cross-and multigenerational plasticity for marine invertebrates faced with global climate change[J]. Global Change Biology, 2020, 26(1):80-102.
[116] MARSHALL D J. Transgenerational plasticity in the sea:Context-dependent maternal effects across the life history[J]. Ecology, 2008, 89(2):418-427.
[117] LISTER K N, LAMARE M D, BURRITT D J. Maternal antioxidant provisioning mitigates pollutant-induced oxidative damage in embryos of the temperate sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus[J]. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7(1):1954.
[118] VIGNERON A, GEFFARD O, QUÉAU H, et al. Nongenetic inheritance of increased Cd tolerance in a field Gammarus fossarum population:Parental exposure steers offspring sensitivity[J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2019, 209:91-98.
[119] LI H Y, SHI L, WANG D Z, et al. Impacts of mercury exposure on life history traits of Tigriopus japonicus:Multigeneration effects and recovery from pollution[J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2015, 166:42-49.
[120] KRAUSE K E, DINH K V, NIELSEN T G. Increased tolerance to oil exposure by the cosmopolitan marine copepod Acartia tonsa[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 607-608:87-94.
[121] ZHANG C, JEONG C B, LEE J S, et al. Transgenerational proteome plasticity in resilience of a marine copepod in response to environmentally relevant concentrations of microplastics[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2019, 53(14):8426-8436.
[122] BRINGER A, CACHOT J, DUBILLOT E, et al. Intergenerational effects of environmentally-aged microplastics on the Crassostrea gigas[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2022, 294:118600.
[123] YU S P, CHAN B K K. Intergenerational microplastics impact the intertidal barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite during the planktonic larval and benthic adult stages[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020, 267:115560.
[124] WANG J, LI Y J, LU L, et al. Polystyrene microplastics cause tissue damages, sex-specific reproductive disruption and transgenerational effects in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma)[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2019, 254:113024.
[125] NACCI D E, CHAMPLIN D, JAYARAMAN S. Adaptation of the estuarine fish Fundulus heteroclitus (Atlantic Killifish) to Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)[J]. Estuaries and Coasts, 2010, 33(4):853-864.
[126] DEWITT T J. Costs and limits of phenotypic plasticity:Tests with predator-induced morphology and life history in a freshwater snail[J]. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 1998, 11(4):465-480.
[127] VAN BUSKIRK J, STEINER U K. The fitness costs of developmental canalization and plasticity[J]. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 2009, 22(4):852-860.
[128] HO W C, LI D Y, ZHU Q, et al. Phenotypic plasticity as a long-term memory easing readaptations to ancestral environments[J]. Science Advances, 2020, 6(21):eaba3388.
[129] GHALAMBOR C K, MCKAY J K, CARROLL S P, et al. Adaptive versus non-adaptive phenotypic plasticity and the potential for contemporary adaptation in new environments[J]. Functional Ecology, 2007, 21(3):394-407.
[130] HENDRY A P, GONZALEZ A. Whither adaptation?[J]. Biology&Philosophy, 2008, 23(5):673-699.
[131] BELL G, GONZALEZ A. Evolutionary rescue can prevent extinction following environmental change[J]. Ecology Letters, 2009, 12(9):942-948.
[132] LOW-DÉCARIE E, KOLBER M, HOMME P, et al. Community rescue in experimental metacommunities[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2015, 112(46):14307-14312.
[133] CARROLL S P, HENDRY A P, REZNICK D N, et al. Evolution on ecological time-scales[J]. Functional Ecology, 2007, 21(3):387-393.
[134] COCKELL C S. Biological effects of high ultraviolet radiation on early Earth-a theoretical evaluation[J]. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1998, 193(4):717-729.
[135] KIRSCHVINK J L, KOPP R E. Palaeoproterozoic ice houses and the evolution of oxygen-mediating enzymes:The case for a late origin of photosystem II[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences, 2008, 363(1504):2755-2765.
[136] MEDINA M H, CORREA J A, BARATA C. Micro-evolution due to pollution:Possible consequences for ecosystem responses to toxic stress[J]. Chemosphere, 2007, 67(11):2105-2114.
[137] PALMER A C, KISHONY R. Understanding, predicting and manipulating the genotypic evolution of antibiotic resistance[J]. Nature Reviews Genetics, 2013, 14(4):243-248.
[138] HAMILTON P B, ROLSHAUSEN G, WEBSTER T M U, et al. Adaptive capabilities and fitness consequences associated with pollution exposure in fish[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences, 2017, 372(1712):20160042.
[139] LLEWELYN J, PHILLIPS B L, BROWN G P, et al. Adaptation or preadaptation:Why are keelback snakes (Tropidonophis mairii) less vulnerable to invasive cane toads (Bufo marinus) than are other Australian snakes?[J]. Evolutionary Ecology, 2011, 25(1):13-24.
[140] WIRGIN I, WALDMAN J R. Resistance to contaminants in North American fish populations[J]. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 2004, 552(1-2):73-100.
[141] ROSS K, COOPER N, BIDWELL J R, et al. Genetic diversity and metal tolerance of two marine species:A comparison between populations from contaminated and reference sites[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2002, 44(7):671-679.
[142] LEE C E, REMFERT J L, OPGENORTH T, et al. Evolutionary responses to crude oil from the deepwater horizon oil spill by the copepod Eurytemora affinis[J]. Evolutionary Applications, 2017, 10(8):813-828.
[143] 顾世民,刘伟,田胜艳,等.人工纳米材料对海洋生态系统的潜在生态风险[J].海洋信息, 2013, 28(4):27-30. GU S M, LIU W, TIAN S Y, et al. Potential ecological risks of artificial nanomaterials to marine ecosystems[J]. Marine Information, 2013, 28(4):27-30.(in Chinese)
[144] BRANDON J A, JONES W, OHMAN M D. Multidecadal increase in plastic particles in coastal ocean sediments[J]. Science Advances, 2019, 5(9):eaax0587.
[145] JACQUIN L, PETITJEAN Q, CÔTE J, et al. Effects of pollution on fish behavior, personality, and cognition:Some research perspectives[J]. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 2020, 8:86.
[146] REID N M, WHITEHEAD A. Functional genomics to assess biological responses to marine pollution at physiological and evolutionary timescales:Toward a vision of predictive ecotoxicology[J]. Briefings in Functional Genomics, 2016, 15(5):358-364.
[147] ALTER S E, TARIQ L, CREED J K, et al. Evolutionary responses of marine organisms to urbanized seascapes[J]. Evolutionary Applications, 2021, 14(1):210-232.
[148] KARL M, PIRJOLA L, KARPPINEN A, et al. Modeling of the concentrations of ultrafine particles in the plumes of ships in the vicinity of major harbors[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020, 17(3):777.
[149] FORT J, MOE B, STRØM H, et al. Multicolony tracking reveals potential threats to little auks wintering in the North Atlantic from marine pollution and shrinking sea ice cover[J]. Diversity and Distributions, 2013, 19(10):1322-1332.
[150] PILECHI A, MOHAMMADIAN A, MURPHY E. A numerical framework for modeling fate and transport of microplastics in inland and coastal waters[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2022, 184:114119.
[151] OZIOLOR E M, REID N M, YAIR S, et al. Adaptive introgression enables evolutionary rescue from extreme environmental pollution[J]. Science, 2019, 364(6439):455-457.
[152] COURTNEY L A, CLEMENTS W H. Sensitivity to acidic pH in benthic invertebrate assemblages with different histories of exposure to metals[J]. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 2000, 19(1):112-127.
[153] BLAIS J M, KIMPE L E, MCMAHON D, et al. Arctic seabirds transport marine-derived contaminants[J]. Science, 2005, 309(5733):445.
[154] SONDEREGGER D L, WANG H N, CLEMENTS W H, et al. Using SiZer to detect thresholds in ecological data[J]. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2009, 7(4):190-195.