Review of light-based host-nondestructive disinfection

ZHANG Wanqing; SU Ping; MA Jianshe; GONG Mali

doi:10.16511/j.cnki.qhdxxb.2023.21.011

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Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology) ›› 2024, Vol. 64 ›› Issue (2) : 370-380. DOI: 10.16511/j.cnki.qhdxxb.2023.21.011

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Review of light-based host-nondestructive disinfection

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Abstract

[Significance] Pathogens have caused numerous, large, and deadly outbreaks, and various disinfection techniques have been applied to stop the spread of harmful pathogens. These techniques are classified as chemical and physical disinfection based on the principle of inactivation. However, the frequently used disinfection techniques can cause indiscriminate harm to the host. Ultraviolet (UV) light is the most popular light disinfection technique, followed by chemical, thermal, ionizing radiation, and thermal disinfection, which harm the pathogen-containing biological tissues by altering their protein or nucleic acid composition. These technologies are unsuitable for prolonged disinfection in the presence of human activity. Thus, there is a need to explore a disinfection technology that can be safely used on living beings for a prolonged period. The disinfection technique must inactivate the pathogen and protect the host from the pathogen but cause no harm to the host cells. Light-based host-nondestructive disinfection techniques specifically inactivate harmful pathogens without damaging the surrounding tissues and have important applications in space disinfection, disease treatment, food preservation, and biologics production. [Progress] Currently, far-UVC, antibacterial blue light, and low-power ultrashort pulse laser are some of the most widely used nondestructive light disinfection techniques. Far-UVC damages nucleic acids by forming cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers between thymine molecules in DNA/RNA, thereby eliminating the ability of pathogens to replicate and infect. The 207-222 nm far-UVC is considered safe as the short wavelength penetrates only the stratum corneum, the skin's outermost layer, and the outer surface of the eye. However, research on far-UVC is limited because applicable dose standards and inactivation kinetics are lacking. The disinfection ability of antibacterial blue light is due to the presence of certain endogenous photosensitizers inside microorganisms that absorb light energy, such as porphyrins and flavins. These endogenous photosensitizers convert some substances into reactive oxygen species (ROS), which destroy the internal structures, such as organelles, of the microorganism by oxidizing neighboring biomolecules and subsequently inactivating the microorganism. Currently, research on antimicrobial blue light has focused on bacterial and fungal disinfection, with limited research on the inactivation of viruses and protozoans. Because viruses do not have endogenous photosensitizers, antimicrobial blue light requires exogenous photosensitizers to inactivate the virus through the ROS mechanism. Low-power ultrashort pulse laser creates vibrations on the surface of pathogens using femtosecond-level light pulses to induce protein remodeling, which destroys the surface of pathogens and prevents infection. Different proteins differ in densities and vibration durations, so a low-power ultrashort pulse laser selectively inactivates pathogens by varying the pulse frequency without causing damage to other biological tissues. As the inactivation process does not produce unknown intermediates, it is safe to use in the production of vaccines, sterilization of blood products, and disinfection of cell culture medium. [Conclusions and Prospects] Light-based host-nondestructive disinfection techniques should be evaluated using the actual absorbed dose of microorganisms as the criterion for the inactivation effect, and a comprehensive light energy inactivation rate model should be established. It is necessary to explore the optimal light energy density, optimal inactivation wavelength, and multiwavelength and multimodal synergistic disinfection to promote the application of large-scale energy-efficient light inactivation technology to prevent the spread of pathogens.

Key words

biological optics / disinfection technology / far-UVC / antibacterial blue light / femtosecond laser

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ZHANG Wanqing, SU Ping, MA Jianshe, GONG Mali. Review of light-based host-nondestructive disinfection[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology). 2024, 64(2): 370-380 https://doi.org/10.16511/j.cnki.qhdxxb.2023.21.011

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