Rate performance of thin-film all-solid-state lithium batteries

QI Junyi; FANG Ruqing; WU Yongmin; TANG Weiping; LI Zhe

doi:10.16511/j.cnki.qhdxxb.2023.26.008

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Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology) ›› 2023, Vol. 63 ›› Issue (9) : 1440-1451. DOI: 10.16511/j.cnki.qhdxxb.2023.26.008

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Rate performance of thin-film all-solid-state lithium batteries

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Abstract

[Objective] All-solid-state thin-film lithium batteries with advantages such as ultra-thin thickness, intimate interfacial contact, and simple structure have a promising prospect for application in portable and microdevices. Unlike the porous structures in conventional lithium-ion batteries, the electrode and electrolyte structures of all-solid-state thin-film lithium batteries are stacked in layers without any liquid electrolyte. Due to this structural layout, there is considerably high interface resistance between the electrode and electrolyte and relatively low ionic conductivity of the solid-state electrolyte, which lead to poor rate performance of the batteries when operated below a certain capacity demand.[Methods] Herein, an all-solid-state thin-film lithium battery with crystallization LiCoO₂, amorphous LiPON, and lithium metal thin films have been fabricated via RF magnetron sputtering and high vacuum evaporation, respectively, while a lithium symmetric cell has been fabricated via electrochemical deposition. Through electrochemical experiments and physical models applied in the time and frequency domains, rate performance factors are systematically discussed and analyzed. Furthermore, in order to perform a detailed analysis of the rate performance of these thin-film batteries, it is necessary to obtain kinetic parameters corresponding to different physical and chemical processes of all the battery components. Here, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been used to measure the parameters via the impedance spectrum of the Li_{1- x}CoO₂/LiPON/Li battery and the lithium symmetrical cell.[Results] The preliminary results of the electrochemical analysis method used on the voltage curve at different current rates showed that the diffusion process of lithium ions in the solid-state electrolyte or positive electrode was the origin of the main polarization causing low rate capacity. There was also a high rate of huge overpotential owing to the linear process of electron or ion migration. Based on the EIS under different lithium intercalation amounts in the positive lithium cobalt oxide and the one-dimensional frequency domain model, we obtained vital dynamic parameters of this battery. Moreover, a one-dimensional electrochemical time domain model with the dynamic parameters calculated above was introduced to further analyze the voltage curves. It was found that the mass transfer process in the solid-state electrolyte and the diffusion process in the positive electrode were the key physical and chemical processes of rate performance in the fabricated battery. Furthermore, the preliminary design was proposed to improve the rate performance of these batteries through an electrochemical model that reduced the thickness of solid-state electrolytes and shortened the diffusion path in the positive electrode.[Conclusions] This work provides an analytical method based on frequency and time domain physical models that are useful for accurately distinguishing and analyzing the impacts of various kinetic parameters of thin-film batteries. The method also allows for preliminary and practical conclusions for the rate performance of all-solid-state thin-film batteries. The mass transfer process in the solid electrolyte is the main factor affecting the power performance, while the diffusion process in the positive electrode is the main factor affecting the capacity performance. Knowing these parameters is helpful for fabricating and structuring the design of the battery.

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solid-state electrolyte / thin-film battery / rate performance / impedance model

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QI Junyi, FANG Ruqing, WU Yongmin, TANG Weiping, LI Zhe. Rate performance of thin-film all-solid-state lithium batteries[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology). 2023, 63(9): 1440-1451 https://doi.org/10.16511/j.cnki.qhdxxb.2023.26.008

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