Strategies and pathways of the transport sector for addressing climate change

SONG Yuanyuan; YAO Enjian; XU Honglei; HUANG Quansheng; WU Rui; WANG Renjie

doi:10.16511/j.cnki.qhdxxb.2023.26.021

PDF(1377 KB)

Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology) ›› 2023, Vol. 63 ›› Issue (11) : 1707-1718. DOI: 10.16511/j.cnki.qhdxxb.2023.26.021

LOW-CARBON TRANSPORTATION & GREEN DEVELOPMENT

Strategies and pathways of the transport sector for addressing climate change

{{article.zuoZhe_EN}}

Author information +

History +

Abstract

[Significance] Climate change is the primary challenge that intensely affects sustainable human development. The transport sector has been one of the major sources of carbon emissions and is considerably affected by climate change. Because of the growth of China's economy and total transport demand, transport-related carbon emissions are also gradually increasing. Moreover, frequent complex and extreme climate events with clear regional differences have negatively affected the construction, maintenance, and operation of the transport infrastructure. Therefore, China's transport sector needs to reduce carbon emissions for green and low-carbon developments and improve its adaptability and resistance to various adverse climatic conditions. However, China's transport sector still faces many challenges in mitigating and adapting to climate change, and its policy tools, measures, and basic capacity to cope with climate change need to be enhanced. Therefore, transport sector-related strategies and routes to adapt to climate change need to be explored. [Progress] First, the policies and measures implemented in different countries to address climate change were introduced from the perspectives of mitigation and adaptation. Second, the advancements made by China's transport sector in mitigating climate change were summarized from the perspectives of the construction of green and low-carbon transport infrastructure, optimization of the transport structures, and promotions and applications of new and clean energy. The measures implemented to adapt to climate change in China's transport sector were summarized from the perspectives of improving the adaptability of the transport infrastructure, strengthening the monitoring and warning systems of climate change, and managing risk. Third, the interactions between each subfield and sublink of the transport system and climate change, as well as the main measures implemented to mitigate and adapt to climate change in the transport sector, were analyzed. Finally, key areas, strategies, and methods to mitigate and adapt to climate change were proposed. [Conclusions and Prospects] Analysis results are provided and discussed. First, the current plan for China's transport response to climate change needs improvement. The capacity to respond to climate change has not been planned at the subfield and sublink level of the transport system. For mitigating climate change, carbon emissions reduction measures, such as the promotion of new energy vehicles and ships, as well as the optimization of the transport structure, are inadequate. Furthermore, the assessment of the effects of the transport infrastructure on climate change is still in its infancy. Second, the direction of the transport system's development should be combined with the strategic requirements of mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Third, in the transport field, the infrastructure, equipment, and transport structure should be improved; moreover, the infrastructure should be adapted to climate change, and emergency support of transport equipment and transportation organization in extreme weather should be optimized to enhance the capability to adapt to climate change. Finally, the following measures are proposed: Mitigation and adaptation to climate change should be jointly and appropriately implemented to comprehensively address climate change in the transport sector. Greenhouse gases and air pollutants should be jointly controlled to realize the goal of “double carbon”. Adaptation to climate change should be applied in conjunction with ecological protection and restoration to strengthen the capacity of the transport sector to adapt to climate change.

Key words

transport / green and low-carbon / carbon emission peak / carbon neutrality / climate change

Cite this article

EndNote

Ris (Procite)

Bibtex

Download Citations

SONG Yuanyuan, YAO Enjian, XU Honglei, HUANG Quansheng, WU Rui, WANG Renjie. Strategies and pathways of the transport sector for addressing climate change[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology). 2023, 63(11): 1707-1718 https://doi.org/10.16511/j.cnki.qhdxxb.2023.26.021

References

[1] 生态环境部.中国应对气候变化的政策与行动2022年度报告[EB/OL].(2022-10-27)[2023-02-07]. https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/syqhbh/202210/W020221027551216559294.pdf. Ministry of Ecology and Environment. Responding to climate change:China's policies and actions 2022 annual report[EB/OL].(2022-10-27)[2023-02-07]. https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/syqhbh/202210/W020221027551216559294.pdf. (in Chinese)
[2] IPCC. Special report on global warming of 1.5℃[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2018.
[3] IPCC. Climate change 2022:Mitigation of climate change[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2022.
[4] 翟盘茂,周佰铨,陈阳,等.气候变化科学方面的几个最新认知[J].气候变化研究进展, 2021, 17(6):629-635. ZHAI P M, ZHOU B Q, CHEN Y, et al. Several new understandings in the climate change science[J]. Climate Change Research, 2021, 17(6):629-635.(in Chinese)
[5] 袁佳双,张永香,陈迎,等.认识减缓气候变化最新进展科学助力碳中和[J].气候变化研究进展, 2022, 18(5):523-530. YUAN J S, ZHANG Y X, CHEN Y, et al. Understanding the latest progress in mitigating climate change and facilitating carbon neutrality[J]. Climate Change Research, 2022, 18(5):523-530.(in Chinese)
[6] 高园,欧训民. IPCC AR6报告解读:强化技术和管理创新的交通运输部门减碳路径[J].气候变化研究进展, 2022, 18(5):567-573. GAO Y, OU X M. Interpretation of IPCC AR6 report:Transportation carbon emissions reduction pathways strengthening technology and management innovation[J]. Climate Change Research, 2022, 18(5):567-573.(in Chinese)
[7] KOKS E E, ROZENBERG J, ZORN C, et al. A global multi-hazard risk analysis of road and railway infrastructure assets[J]. Nature Communications, 2019, 10(1):2677.
[8] 中共中央、国务院.国家综合立体交通网规划纲要[EB/OL].(2021-02-24)[2023-02-10]. http://www.gov.cn/govweb/zhengce/2021-02/24/content_5588654.htm. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council. National comprehensive three-dimensional transportation network planning outline[EB/OL].(2021-02-24)[2023-02-10]. http://www.gov.cn/govweb/zhengce/2021-02/24/content_5588654.htm. (in Chinese)
[9] 黄朝迎,张清.暴雨洪水灾害对公路交通的影响[J].气象, 2000, 26(9):12-15. HUANG C Y, ZHANG Q. Impact of flooding on highway[J]. Meteorological Monthly, 2000, 26(9):12-15.(in Chinese)
[10] KANG G L. Influence and control strategy for local settlement for high-speed railway infrastructure[J]. Engineering, 2016, 2(3):374-379.
[11] 闫胜春.冻土变化对高原基础设施建设施工影响的探讨[J].产业与科技论坛, 2021, 20(22):41-43. YAN S C. Influence of frozen soil change on plateau infrastructure construction[J]. Industrial&Science Tribune, 2021, 20(22):41-43.(in Chinese)
[12] 杨桂山,施雅风.海平面上升对中国沿海重要工程设施与城市发展的可能影响[J].地理学报, 1995, 50(4):302-309. YANG G S, SHI Y F. Possible impacts of sea level rise on major projects and urban development in the coastal areas in China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1995, 50(4):302-309.(in Chinese)
[13] KISHIMOTO P N, KARPLUS V J, ZHONG M, et al. The impact of coordinated policies on air pollution emissions from road transportation in China[J]. Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment, 2017, 54:30-49.
[14] HENDRICKS J, RIGHI M, DAHLMANN K, et al. Quantifying the climate impact of emissions from land-based transport in Germany[J]. Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment, 2018, 65:825-845.
[15] 张宏钧,王利宁,陈文颖.公路与铁路交通碳排放影响因素[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 57(4):443-448. ZHANG H J, WANG L N, CHEN W Y. Decomposition analysis of CO₂ emissions from road and rail transport systems[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University (Science&Technology), 2017, 57(4):443-448.(in Chinese)
[16] LOVE G, SOARES A, PVEMPEL H. Climate change, climate variability and transportation[J]. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2010, 1:130-145.
[17] 李晓易,吴睿.交通运输温室气体核算边界和测算方法研究[J].气候变化研究进展, 2023, 19(1):84-90. LI X Y, WU R. Research on greenhouse gas emissions accounting boundaries and calculating method of the transport sector[J]. Climate Change Research, 2023, 19(1):84-90.(in Chinese)
[18] 马丁,陈文颖.基于中国TIMES模型的碳排放达峰路径[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 57(10):1070-1075. MA D, CHEN W Y. China's carbon emissions peak path-based on China TIMES model[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University (Science&Technology), 2017, 57(10):1070-1075.(in Chinese)
[19] PENG T D, OU X M, YUAN Z Y, et al. Development and application of China provincial road transport energy demand and GHG emissions analysis model[J]. Applied Energy, 2018, 222:313-328.
[20] LYU C J, OU X M, ZHANG X L. China automotive energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions outlook to 2050[J]. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2015, 20(5):627-650.
[21] 李晓易,谭晓雨,吴睿,等.交通运输领域碳达峰、碳中和路径研究[J].中国工程科学, 2021, 23(6):15-21. LI X Y, TAN X Y, WU R, et al. Paths for carbon peak and carbon neutrality in transport sector in China[J]. Strategic Study of CAE, 2021, 23(6):15-21.(in Chinese)
[22] 刘俊伶,孙一赫,王克,等.中国交通部门中长期低碳发展路径研究[J].气候变化研究进展, 2018, 14(5):513-521. LIU J L, SUN Y H, WANG K, et al. Study on mid-and long-term low carbon development pathway for China's transport sector[J]. Climate Change Research, 2018, 14(5):513-521.(in Chinese)
[23] 袁志逸,李振宇,康利平,等.中国交通部门低碳排放措施和路径研究综述[J].气候变化研究进展, 2021, 17(1):27-35. YUAN Z Y, LI Z Y, KANG L P, et al. A review of low-carbon measurements and transition pathway of transport sector in China[J]. Climate Change Research, 2021, 17(1):27-35.(in Chinese)
[24] YIN X, CHEN W Y, EOM J, et al. China's transportation energy consumption and CO₂ emissions from a global perspective[J]. Energy Policy, 2015, 82:233-248.
[25] WANG H L, OU X M, ZHANG X L. Mode, technology, energy consumption, and resulting CO₂ emissions in China's transport sector up to 2050[J]. Energy Policy, 2017, 109:719-733.
[26] KIM K, PANT P, YAMASHITA E. Integrating travel demand modeling and flood hazard risk analysis for evacuation and sheltering[J]. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2018, 31:1177-1186.
[27] TONMOY F N, El-ZEIN A. Vulnerability to sea level rise:A novel local-scale indicator-based assessment methodology and application to eight beaches in Shoalhaven, Australia[J]. Ecological Indicators, 2018, 85:295-307.
[28] ALIREZAEI M, ONAT N C, TATARI O, et al. The climate change-road safety-economy nexus:A system dynamics approach to understanding complex interdependencies[J]. Systems, 2017, 5(1):6.
[29] HUIBREGTSE E, NAPOLES O M, HELLEBRANDT L, et al. Climate change in asset management of infrastructure:A riskbased methodology applied to disruption of traffic on road networks due to the flooding of tunnels[J]. European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, 2016, 16(1):98-113.
[30] ABKOWITZ M, JONES A, DUNDON L, et al. Performing a regional transportation asset extreme weather vulnerability assessment[J]. Transportation Research Procedia, 2017, 25:4422-4437.
[31] 成琛,付军,李婷.交通基础设施对全球气候变化的适应性战略[J].公路, 2020, 65(1):170-176. CHENG C, FU J, LI T. Adaptation strategies of transport infrastructure to global climate change[J]. Highway, 2020, 65(1):170-176.(in Chinese)
[32] 赵春黎,严岩,陆咏晴,等.基于暴露度-恢复力-敏感度的城市适应气候变化能力评估与特征分析[J].生态学报, 2018, 38(9):3238-3247. ZHAO C L, YAN Y, LU Y Q, et al. "Exposure-resilience-sensitivity" based evaluation and characteristics analysis of the capacity for urban adaptation to climate change in China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2018, 38(9):3238-3247.(in Chinese)
[33] International Energy Agency. Net zero by 2050:A roadmap for the global energy sector[R/OL].(2021-05-18)[2022-09-10]. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/deebef5d-0c34-4539-9d0c-10b13d840027/NetZeroby2050-ARo-admapfortheGlobalEnergySector_CORR.pdf.
[34] European Commission. A european green deal[EB/OL].(2019-12-01)[2022-09-01]. https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en#documents.
[35] UK Government. The ten point plan for a green industrial revolution[EB/OL].(2020-11-18)[2022-09-01]. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/936567/10_POINT_PLAN_BOOKLET.pdf.
[36] Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. "Green growth strategy through achieving carbon neutrality in 2050" formulated[EB/OL].(2021-06-18)[2022-09-10]. https://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/2021/0618_002.html.
[37] Environmental Protection Agency. EPA emission standards for light-duty vehicles and trucks and motorcycles[EB/OL].(2022-10-24)[2023-02-10]. https://www.epa.gov/emission-standards-reference-guide/epa-emission-standards-light-duty-vehicles-and-trucks-and.
[38] 中华人民共和国驻挪威王国大使馆经济商务处.绿色之路:挪威电动车发展简析[EB/OL].(2015-04-21)[2022-09-10]. http://no.mofcom.gov.cn/article/ztdy/201504/20150400948642.shtml. Economic and Commercial Office of the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Kingdom of Norway. Green road:A brief analysis of the development of electric vehicles in Norway[EB/OL].(2015-04-21)[2022-09-10]. http://no.mofcom.gov.cn/article/ztdy/201504/20150400948642.shtml.(in Chinese)
[39] UK Department for Transport. Decarbonising transport:A better, greener Britain[R/OL].(2021-07-14)[2022-09-10]. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1009448/decarbonising-transport-a-better-greener-britain.pdf.
[40] European Commission. Questions and answers-emissions trading-putting a price on carbon[EB/OL].(2021-07-14)[2022-09-16]. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_21_3542.
[41] 杨雷,毕云青,郑平,等.碳中和政策机制及社会共识的国际经验与启示[J].中国工程科学, 2021, 23(6):101-107. YANG L, BI Y Q, ZHENG P, et al. The international practices of policy mechanism and social consensus for reaching carbon neutrality and their key implications to China[J]. Strategic Study of CAE, 2021, 23(6):101-107.(in Chinese)
[42] 付琳,周泽宇,杨秀.适应气候变化政策机制的国际经验与启示[J].气候变化研究进展, 2020, 16(5):641-651. FU L, ZHOU Z Y, YANG X. Experience and enlightenment on policy mechanisms for the international adaptation to climate change[J]. Climate Change Research, 2020, 16(5):641-651.(in Chinese)
[43] 李艳芳.各国应对气候变化立法比较及其对中国的启示[J].中国人民大学学报, 2010, 24(4):58-66. LI Y F. Legislations to cope with climate change:A compara-tive study and its enlightenment to China[J]. Journal of the Renmin University of China, 2010, 24(4):58-66.(in Chinese)
[44] Republic of the Philippines. Congress of the Philippines. Climate change act of 2009[EB/OL].(2009-10-23)[2022-11-20]. https://leap.unep.org/countries/ph/national-legislation/climate-change-act-2009-republic-act-no-9729-2009.
[45] U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration. Climate change adaptation[EB/OL].(2022-10-18)[2022-11-20]. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sustainability/resilience/tools/.
[46] European Conference of Directors of Roads. ROADAPT:Guidelines for adaptation of road infrastructure to climate change[EB/OL].(2022-09-10)[2022-09-16]. https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/guidances/roadapt-guidelines-for-adaptation-of-road-infrastructure-to-climate-change.
[47] HM Treasury. National infrastructure strategy[R/OL].(2020-11-25)[2022-09-06]. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-infrastructure-strategy.
[48] New Zealand Infrastructure Commission. New Zealand infrastructure strategy 2022-2052[R/OL].(2022-05-04)[2022-09-06]. https://media.umbraco.io/te-waihanga-30-year-strategy/1sfe0qra/rautaki-hanganga-o-aotearoa-new-zealand-infrastructure-strategy.pdf.
[49] European Committee for Standardization and Europeanm Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization. Standards for the environment[R/OL].(2022-05-01)[2022-09-16]. https://www.cencenelec.eu/media/CEN-CENELEC/AreasOfWork/CEN-CENELEC_Topics/Environment%20and%20Sustainability/Quicklinks%20General/Documentation%20and%20Materials/brochureenvironnement_2020.pdf.
[50] The World Association for Waterborne Transport Infrastructure. Climate change adaptation planning for ports and inland waterways (2020)[R/OL].(2020-01-09)[2022-09-16]. https://www.pianc.org/publications/envicom/wg178.
[51] 交通运输部.交通运输部关于印发《绿色交通"十四五"发展规划》的通知[EB/OL].(2022-01-21)[2022-09-16]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2022-01/21/content_5669662.htm. Ministry of Transportation. Green transportation "14th Five-Year" development plan[EB/OL].(2022-01-21)[2022-09-16]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2022-01/21/content_5669662.htm.(in Chinese)
[52] 国务院办公厅.推进运输结构调整三年行动计划(2018-2020年)[EB/OL].(2018-10-09)[2023-02-10]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2018-10/09/content_5328817.htm. General Office of the State Council. Three-year action plan on transport structure adjustment 2018-2020[EB/OL].(2018-10-09)[2023-02-10]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2018-10/09/content_5328817.htm.(in Chinese)
[53] 国务院办公厅.推进多式联运发展优化调整运输结构工作方案(2021-2025年)[EB/OL].(2022-01-07)[2023-02-10]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2022-01/07/content_5666914.htm. General Office of the State Council. Work plan for promoting the development of multimodal transport, optimizing and adjusting the transport structure (2021-2025)[EB/OL].(2022-01-07)[2023-02-10]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2022-01/07/content_5666914.htm.(in Chinese)
[54] 公安部交通管理局.全国新能源汽车保有量已突破1000万辆[N/OL].(2022-07-06)[2022-09-16]. https://www.mps.gov.cn/n2254098/n4904352/c8577207/content.html. Traffic Management Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security. China's NEV ownership exceeds 10 million units[N/OL].(2022-07-06)[2022-09-16]. https://www.mps.gov.cn/n2254098/n4904352/c8577207/content.html.(in Chinese)
[55] 生态环境部,国家发展和改革委员会,科学技术部,等.国家适应气候变化战略2035[EB/OL].(2022-06-14)[2023-02-10]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2022-06/14/content_5695555.htm. Ministry of Ecology and Environment, National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, et al. National strategy for climate change adaptation 2035[EB/OL].(2022-06-14)[2023-02-10]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2022-06/14/content_5695555.htm.(in Chinese)
[56] 交通运输部.今天是全国防灾减灾日,关注公路水路基础设施运行安全[N/OL].(2022-05-12)[2022-09-16]. https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1732600127315828622&wfr=spider&for=pc.htm. Ministry of Transport. Today is national disaster prevention and mitigation day, pay attention to the operation safety of highway and waterway infrastructure[N/OL].(2022-05-12)[2022-09-16]. https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1732600127315828622&wfr=spider&for=pc.htm.(in Chinese)
[57] 中国气象局."气象+"赋能各行各业服务经济高质量发展[N/OL].(2022-09-19)[2023-02-10]. https://www.cma.gov.cn/2011xwzx/2011xqxxw/2011xqxyw/202209/t20220919_5091438.html. China Meteorological Administration."Meteorological Plus" enables all walks of life to serve the high-quality development of the economy[N/OL].(2022-09-19)[2023-02-10]. https://www.cma.gov.cn/2011xwzx/2011xqxxw/2011xqxyw/202209/t20220919_5091438.html.(in Chinese)
[58] 徐洪磊,刘胜强.运输结构调整是绿色发展关键抓手[N/OL].(2020-07-02)[2023-02-11]. https://www.mot.gov.cn/jiaotongyaowen/202007/t20200702_3323248.html. XU H L, LIU S Q. Transportation structure adjustment is the key to green development[N/OL].(2020-07-02)[2023-02-11]. https://www.mot.gov.cn/jiaotongyaowen/202007/t20200702_3323248.html.(in Chinese)
[59] 刘杰,高嘉蔚.交通基础设施碳排放核算关键问题及对策探索[J].交通节能与环保, 2021, 17(5):4-9. LIU J, GAO J W. Key problems and countermeasures of carbon emission accounting of transportation infrastructure[J]. Transport Energy Conservation&Environmental Protection, 2021, 17(5):4-9.(in Chinese)
[60] 徐雨晴,何吉成. 1951-1998年强降雨诱发的中国铁路洪水灾害分析[J].气候变化研究进展, 2012, 8(1):22-27. XU Y Q, HE J C. Analysis of heavy rainfall induced flood disasters of China railway during 1951-1998[J]. Progressus Inquisitiones de Mutatione Climatis, 2012, 8(1):22-27.(in Chinese)
[61] 孟超,韩龙武,赵相卿,等.气温持续升高对青藏铁路运输安全的影响研究[J].中国安全科学学报, 2018, 28(S2):1-5. MENG C, HAN L W, ZHAO X Q, et al. Study on influence of continuous rising temperature on transportation safety of Qinghai-Tibet railway[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2018, 28(S2):1-5.(in Chinese)
[62] PALIN E J, OSLAKOVIC I S, GAVIN K, et al. Implications of climate change for railway infrastructure[J]. WIREs Climate Change, 2021, 12(5):e728.
[63] MCGUIRK M, SHUFORD S, PETERSON T C, et al. Weather and climate change implications for surface transpor-tation in the USA[J]. WMO Bulletin, 2009, 58(2):84-93.
[64] 中共中央、国务院.交通强国建设纲要[EB/OL].(2019-09-19)[2023-02-10]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2019-09/19/content_5431432.htm. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council. The outline for building China's strength in transport[EB/OL].(2019-09-19)[2023-02-10]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2019-09/19/content_5431432.htm.(in Chinese)
[65] 中共中央、国务院. 2030年前碳达峰行动方案[EB/OL].(2021-10-24)[2023-02-10]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2021-10/26/content_5644984.htm. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council. Action plan for carbondioxide peaking before 2030[EB/OL].(2021-10-24)[2023-02-10]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2021-10/26/content_5644984.htm.(in Chinese)
[66] 武占云.将适应气候变化纳入国土空间规划:进展、困境与思路[J].气候变化研究进展, 2021, 17(5):559-569. WU Z Y. Integrating adaptation to climate change into territorial spatial planning:Progress, dilemma and strategy[J]. Climate Change Research, 2021, 17(5):559-569.(in Chinese)
[67] 赵芳敏,芮睿,彭令发.注重全生命周期谋划公路交通领域碳减排[N/OL].(2022-04-18)[2023-02-11]. https://www.zgjtb.com/2022-04/18/content_312260.html. ZHAO F M, RUI R, PENG L F. Focus on the whole life cycle planning of road transportation carbon reduction[N/OL].(2022-04-18)[2023-02-11]. https://www.zgjtb.com/2022-04/18/content_312260.html.(in Chinese)