安全文化建设是煤炭企业应对安全挑战的关键。然而, 现有安全文化建设方法存在“安全文化”术语界定模糊、与其他组织安全要素交互机制缺失的双重局限, 难以充分发挥安全文化建设在事故预防中的作用。为此, 该文运用基于事故致因“2-4”模型(24Model)的安全文化建设方法对煤炭企业开展实证研究并提出改进对策。首先, 依托安全文化定量测量系统(safety culture analysis program, SCAP)采集并检验了来自中国19家煤炭企业的3 482份有效问卷; 其次, 从员工个体特征(性别、岗位工龄、受教育水平)、行业整体和职能岗位群体(管理层、专业人员、班组长、一线员工)3个分析维度, 系统剖析各因素对安全文化水平的影响机制; 最后, 基于实证结果提出了针对性的安全文化水平提升策略。研究结果表明：工作年限超过10年和高学历员工的安全理念认知水平显著优于短工龄和低学历员工; 样本企业整体安全文化得分为78.19, 略高于国内其他行业企业均值(77.74);通过对4类人员在32个元素的得分与国内安全较好和较差企业的对比, 揭示了不同职能群体对特定安全理念的认知差异; 在此基础上, 基于相关性分析, 构建了三阶段、双路径的改进策略。

Objective: Developing a strong safety culture is a critical strategy for coal enterprises to address persistent safety challenges. However, existing approaches to safety culture construction face two major limitations: ambiguity in the conceptual definition of "safety culture" and a lack of clarity regarding its interaction mechanisms with other organizational safety elements. These limitations hinder the full realization of the safety culture's preventive role in accident reduction. To overcome these issues, this study proposes a safety culture construction method based on the 24Model, followed by an empirical investigation using data collected from coal enterprises. Methods: First, the theoretical framework of the 24Model was applied to clarify the connotation of safety culture and elucidate its interaction mechanisms with other organizational safety elements. Second, a safety culture analysis program was employed to collect and verify 3 482 valid questionnaires from 19 coal enterprises in China. Third, the influence of various factors on safety culture levels was systematically examined across three dimensions: individual characteristics (gender, years of service, and education level); industry-wide safety level; and four functional position groups (managers, professionals, team leaders, and frontline workers). Based on the empirical findings, targeted strategies for improving safety culture levels were proposed. Results: No statistically significant difference in safety culture scores was found between male and female employees. Employees with more than 10 years of service scored significantly higher than those with ≤2 years or 2-5 years of service, and those with higher education levels scored significantly higher than those with lower education levels. The overall safety culture score of the sampled enterprises was 78.19, which is slightly higher than the national average for other industries (77.74). A comparative analysis of the evaluation results of 32 safety culture elements across four functional position groups, benchmarked against enterprises with superior and poor safety performance, revealed the following: elements such as "role of the safety department" "approach to safety performance" and "role of safety organization" consistently scored low across three groups; elements including "community safety impact" "care for injured employees" "understanding of safety performance" "relationship between safety performance and human resources" and "overall safety expectation" showed deficiencies in two groups; and elements such as "importance of safety" "perception of safety investment" "formation of safety values" "leadership responsibility" "employee participation" "training needs" "quality of safety meetings" "implementation of safety procedures" "types of safety inspections" "safety management of subsidiaries and contractors" and "emergency response capability" fell below expectations in one group. Conclusions: The empirical results demonstrate that both years of service and education level are significantly and positively correlated with safety culture levels in coal enterprises. Furthermore, systematic differences were observed among the four functional position groups in their understanding of specific safety concepts. Based on these insights, a three-stage safety culture enhancement strategy and a dual-path improvement framework integrating reconstruction of the safety management system and enhancement of employee safety competence were proposed. This framework provides a systematic and practical approach for strengthening safety culture in coal enterprises.