复杂环境中的电气火灾频发，而环境因素（环境温度和风速）对串联故障电弧行为特性的影响是诱发此类火灾的重要原因之一。为揭示环境温度和风速耦合作用下低压交流串联故障电弧特性的变化规律，本文基于COMSOL Multiphysics建立二维轴对称磁流体动力学（MHD）模型，并选取平均温度、温度积分、电流和电压均方根（RMS）及电弧能量作为评价指标，采用二维正交组合试验设计，设置3种环境温度和3种风速。研究结果表明：电弧温度场随工频周期扩张与收缩，该现象与电压的周期变化密切相关；风速对温度场的影响具有空间差异性，在电弧核心区域，由于“热收缩效应”，温度随风速增大略有上升，而在外围区域冷却效应占主导，4 m·s^–1风速下平均温度降幅超过12.06%，温度积分降幅可达42.27%；电流RMS基本保持稳定，而电压RMS相较于环境温度对风速更为敏感；电弧能量在2 m·s^–1风速下保持稳定，在4 m·s^–1风速下略有下降，环境温度对能量的影响较小，仅在强风条件下对能量产生微弱影响。研究结果可为复杂环境下的建筑电气火灾早期预警与防治提供理论依据。

Objective: Electrical fires occur frequently in complex environments, where environmental factors such as ambient temperature and wind speed contribute to fire occurrence and spread by changing the behavior of series arc faults. This study investigates the patterns of low-voltage AC series arc faults under the combined effects of ambient temperature and wind speed, with a focus on temperature field evolution, spatial heat transfer, current and voltage responses, and arc energy. Methods: A two-dimensional axisymmetric magnetohydrodynamic model is developed in COMSOL Multiphysics to simulate the thermal-fluid-electromagnetic coupling behavior of an AC series arc fault. This model integrates magnetic and electric fields, heat transfer, laminar flow, and an external circuit. The simulation domain consists of a copper electrode, a graphite electrode, a 3 mm arc gap, an ignition heat source, and the surrounding air. The circuit comprises a 5 Ω resistor and a 220 V/50 Hz AC source. Arc formation is initiated by setting the ignition heat source to 12,000 K. A two-dimensional orthogonal combined design is adopted, including three ambient temperatures (288.15, 298.15, and 308.15 K) and three wind speeds (0, 2, and 4 m·s⁻¹). Average temperature, temperature integral, the root mean square (RMS) of current and voltage, and arc energy are selected as evaluation indicators. Observation points, arranged from the arc center to the outer region, are used to quantify spatial variations in the thermal response. Results: The results show that the arc temperature field expands and contracts with the power-frequency cycle, and this behavior is closely associated with voltage variations. In the absence of wind, the temperature field exhibits a spindle-like shape, with heat accumulating around the arc. At a wind speed of 2 m·s⁻¹, the temperature field shifts in the direction of airflow, and the high-temperature region moves toward the graphite electrode. The effects of wind speed on the temperature field demonstrate clear spatial dependence. In the arc core region, temperature slightly increases with rising wind speed due to thermal contraction concentrating energy near the arc column. In the peripheral region, however, convective cooling dominates. At 4 m·s⁻¹, the average temperature in the outer region decreases by more than 12.06%, and the temperature integral at wind-cooling-dominated observation points decreases by up to 42.27%. The current RMS remains stable between 34.4 and 34.7 A. The voltage RMS is more sensitive to wind speed than ambient temperature, decreasing by approximately 2.55 V when wind speed increases to 4 m·s⁻¹. The arc energy remains stable at 2 m·s⁻¹ and decreases slightly at 4 m·s⁻¹. Ambient temperature has a limited effect on arc energy, exerting only a weak influence under strong wind conditions. Conclusions: Wind speed is the primary environmental factor controlling the temperature field and electrical response of low-voltage AC series arc faults, whereas ambient temperature has a limited effect. Wind enhances heat concentration in the arc core while increasing cooling in the outer region. The current conduction channel remains stable, but voltage and arc energy respond more distinctly to airflow disturbance. These findings provide a theoretical basis for early warning and prevention systems for electrical fires in complex environments.