随着中国城市化进程的加快，交通需求迅速向都市圈范围内扩展。该文研究薪资水平、交通拥挤等要素对都市圈居民工作、居住地选择和通勤行为的影响，构建双城（都市圈）系统居民职住选址与通勤的社会最优模型，以反映城市集聚效应（正外部性）和拥挤效应（负外部性）之间的取舍关系。双城系统包括1个大城市和1个小城市，通过解析拥挤条件下的通勤成本，获得城际通勤者空间分布的边界曲线，据此测算市内、城际通勤者共同作用下的系统社会净收入。该社会净收入取决于工资、通勤成本和农业租金等，进而将社会最优写成非线性规划问题，求解得到双城系统中的最优职住分布与通勤人口。上海—嘉兴双城的实证分析结果表明：上海的现状居住、就业人口均偏多，未来应鼓励在上海工作的上班族居住在周边城镇并通过城际铁路通勤，可提高社会净收入。
Urban travel demands are rapidly growing in metropolitan areas as urbanization spreads in China. This paper studies how contributing factors such as income level, traffic congestion affect residents choices of work locations, residence locations and commutes in metropolitan areas. A social optimal model was developed with these choices to capture the trade-off between the agglomeration and congestion in a two-city system consisting of a big city and a small city. The boundary curve of the spatial distribution of inter-city commuters was obtained by analyzing the commuting cost in consideration of traffic congestion, and calculated the net income of the system which is contributed by both intra- and inter-city commuters. Thus, the model needs to show the effects of resident location, work location and commuting on the system which depend on income levels, commute costs, and housing costs.This urban optimization problem was designed as a nonlinear programming problem that gave the optimal spatial distribution of residential and work locations and the number of commuters between cities.An analysis of the Shanghai-Jiaxing two city system shows that the current Shanghai population is higher than the optimal population.The social welfare can be enhanced by encouraging more people working in Shanghai to live in surrounding small cities with intercity railway commutes.
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