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2023 , Vol. 63 >Issue 12: 2042 - 2056

DOI: https://doi.org/10.16511/j.cnki.qhdxxb.2023.21.006

环境科学与工程

海洋污染进化生态学初探——从行为、适应到进化

  • 李欣阳 ,
  • 朱小山 ,
  • 陶益
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  • 清华大学 深圳国际研究生院, 深圳 518055
李欣阳(1999—),男,硕士研究生。

收稿日期: 2022-10-26

  网络出版日期: 2023-11-06

基金资助

国家自然科学基金面上项目(41877352,42077227);广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2019A1515110930)

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Preliminary exploration of marine pollution evolutionary ecology: From behavior, adaptation to evolution

  • LI Xinyang ,
  • ZHU Xiaoshan ,
  • TAO Yi
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  • Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China

Received date: 2022-10-26

  Online published: 2023-11-06

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摘要

海洋环境污染已成为全球环境问题。大量证据表明,海洋生物个体、种群与群落会对污染胁迫产生从分子到整个生态系统的复杂响应,其最终要么适应污染或与污染共存,要么退化或死亡,生物和污染之间存在动态的相互作用过程与多变的演化结局。研究表明,生物适应不断变化的污染环境可以通过3种机制：短期暴露下的行为改变、长期暴露下的表型可塑性调整及遗传进化。但迄今为止,有关海洋生物受海洋污染物影响后的行为、适应和进化机制仍未获得系统的整理,已有的理论是否适用以及是否存在新现象或理论的空白有待明确。该文在文献调研的基础上,基于污染进化生态学观点,针对污染胁迫下海洋生物的短期响应和长期适应,提出“海洋污染进化生态学”。从行为、适应到进化的角度初步探讨海洋污染进化生态学的内涵和研究内容,尝试归纳和探索海洋污染与海洋生物之间的作用和联系,以期为海洋环境保护和海洋学科发展提供新的见解和理论基础。

关键词： 海洋污染; 污染物; 行为; 适应; 进化生态学

本文引用格式

李欣阳 , 朱小山 , 陶益 . 海洋污染进化生态学初探——从行为、适应到进化[J]. 清华大学学报（自然科学版）, 2023 , 63(12) : 2042 -2056 . DOI: 10.16511/j.cnki.qhdxxb.2023.21.006

Abstract

[Significance] Marine environmental pollution has become a globally concerning environmental issue, which has attracted the great attention of governments and scientists in coastal countries. The release of large quantities of pollutants into the oceans has inevitable lasting effects and harm to marine life and can even bring about irreversible changes leading to the degradation or deterioration of the ecosystem. However, marine organisms under pollution stress do not always await their doom. Considerable evidence suggests that marine organisms could respond to pollution stress at the individual, population, and community levels, leading to molecular-level to ecosystem-scale effects and eventually reaching either adaptation/coexistence or degradation/death, with dynamic processes of interactions and changeable evolutionary outcomes between the two.[Progress] In general, organisms can adapt to complex environments in three mechanisms, namely, behavioral change, phenotypic alteration, and genetic evolution. The initial response to environmental stress from pollution is generally behavioral (such as escape or migration to favorable habitats or vigilance). However, the continuous degradation of the environment makes migration more difficult, and some sedentary organisms (e.g., corals) can hardly move once immobilized, forcing the organisms to immediately react in situ. Altering the phenotype appears to be the best solution. This rapid nongenetic mechanism is based on the ability of individual genotypes to produce different phenotypes in response to the environment, which allows marine organisms to adapt and survive in the polluted marine environment. However, such phenotypic adjustments can be highly variable in the life cycle within a generation or even across generations. Phenotypic plasticity within a generation may play an important role in survival through rapid environmental change. In marine pollution, organisms may alter their macro or micromorphology and sex specificity or adjust the transcriptome characteristics and metabolic pathway expression of different organs, which play a detoxification-oriented role, within a generation for self-preservation. Although plasticity is usually shown under environmental conditions experienced by the parental generation, these conditions can also affect their offspring from one to multiple generations. That is, populations can adjust their phenotypes within several generations, which is called transgenerational phenotypic plasticity. Environmental pollution persists across generations for most species, and these organisms may evolve through transgenerational phenotypic plasticity to fight against environmental pollution. This may help in understanding the effects of pollution on marine organisms. Accordingly, supposing that plasticity works for the adaptation of organisms, its primary role is likely to buffer the cost of evolutionary mismatches and facilitate genetic evolution by "gaining time". Consequently, the phenotypes could be more adaptive to the current conditions, and these genetically based adaptations would continue to evolve until completion.[Conclusions and Prospects] This review has done comprehensive literature research, collected various scenarios, and summarized the laws of the short-term response and long-term adaptation of marine organisms under pollution stress based on the viewpoint of evolutionary ecology and relevant principles in pollution ecology. From the perspective of behavior, adaptation, and evolution, this review preliminarily discussed the significance of marine pollution evolutionary ecology and attempted to summarize and explore the interactions and connections between pollution and organisms in the marine environment, providing new insights for the protection of the marine environment and the development of marine sciences.

Key words： marine pollution; pollutant; behavior; adaptation; evolutionary ecology

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