Research progress on natural graphite-based materials

Shiyu HOU; Yongtao ZHAO; Zhenghong HUANG; Wanci SHEN; Feiyu KANG

doi:10.16511/j.cnki.qhdxxb.2025.21.050

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Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology) ›› 2025, Vol. 65 ›› Issue (12) : 2379-2409. DOI: 10.16511/j.cnki.qhdxxb.2025.21.050

Research progress on natural graphite-based materials

Shiyu HOU ¹^,² ,
Yongtao ZHAO ² ,
Zhenghong HUANG ¹^,* ,
Wanci SHEN ¹ ,
Feiyu KANG ¹^,³^,*

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Abstract

Significance: Natural graphite, a cornerstone of China's strategic mineral resources, enables the country to leverage its exceptional geological endowments and industrial prowess to maintain unparalleled global leadership. China's natural graphite industry dominates in both production output and high-value deep-processed products, such as spherical graphite and exfoliated graphite, positioning the country as a key strategic fulcrum in carbon materials competitiveness. Natural graphite, a thermodynamically stable crystalline allotrope of carbon, exhibits a hexagonal lattice structure in which sp²-hybridized carbon layers are stacked via weak van der Waals interactions. This intrinsic lamellar architecture underlies its unique material properties: high electrical and thermal conductivity, resistance to high and low temperatures, low friction coefficient, thermal stability, chemical inertness, and biocompatibility. Natural graphite is an irreplaceable foundational material that bridges traditional manufacturing with cutting-edge strategic emerging industries through its synergistic properties. In traditional industrial sectors, natural graphite demonstrates versatile applicability: in metallurgy, it functions as a carburetant and high-temperature refractory material; in mechanical engineering, its self-lubricating properties enable the fabrication of wear-resistant components such as precision bearings and seals; and in chemical processing, it can be modified through intercalation to create catalyst supports and advanced adsorption materials. Within strategic emerging industries, the strategic value of natural graphite is further elevated: high-purity spherical graphite acts as an irreplaceable precursor for lithium-ion battery anode materials, exfoliated graphite provides efficient oil-water separation, and flexible graphite is the material of choice for sealing systems operating under harsh environmental conditions. Progress: Recent advances in the exfoliation of graphite at room temperature have enabled the use of milder reaction conditions that better preserve its crystal structure. Unlike high-temperature processes, this method prevents local oxidation, resulting in exfoliated graphite worms with high flexibility. Room-temperature exfoliation can produce exfoliated graphite blocks with controllable shape, density, high mechanical strength, and excellent rebound. Electrochemically exfoliated graphene has few layers and a high yield, making it highly effective in enhancing the anti-corrosion performance of water-based coatings. Meanwhile, flexible graphite paper prepared by rolling has high electrical and thermal conductivity. Micro exfoliated graphite modified via room-temperature exfoliation can be combined with other metals to form lithium-ion battery anode materials with excellent rate performance and cycle stability. To address the growing demands for functional exfoliation and performance enhancement of natural graphite, this study systematically reviewed the latest research progress in six key categories: graphite intercalation compounds, natural graphite anode materials, exfoliated graphite, flexible graphite, graphene powder, and microcrystalline graphite-based isotropic graphite. The study systematically integrated research across the technological chain, including material synthesis, structural modulation, performance optimization, and industrial-scale application. Moreover, the intrinsic structure-activity relationships and critical technical bottlenecks in natural graphite-based materials were identified. Conclusions and Prospects: Natural graphite-based materials are poised to evolve toward higher performance, greener processes, and multifunctionality, serving as a key material for strategic emerging industries. This study provides a comprehensive reference for further research and industrial applications of natural graphite-based materials.

Key words

natural graphite / graphite interlayer compounds / exfoliated graphite / flexible graphite / graphene powder / isotropic graphite

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Shiyu HOU , Yongtao ZHAO , Zhenghong HUANG , et al . Research progress on natural graphite-based materials[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology). 2025, 65(12): 2379-2409 https://doi.org/10.16511/j.cnki.qhdxxb.2025.21.050

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