[Objective] In fires originating from the basement or ground floor of high-rise buildings, the path of toxic smoke often intersects with the escape routes of the building occupants. This especially poses a significant risk when the smoke spreads vertically at an accelerated pace, threatening escapees and emergency rescue personnel. This study uses comprehensive field experimental data to reflect the progression of a fire to its fullest extent. In addition, the patterns of smoke diffusion and sedimentation were studied by observing experimental phenomena. [Methods] A fire experiment was conducted on-site in the basement of a high-rise building. Four different fire scenarios were created at various locations: a room corner, the front room of the stairwell, and the stairwell leading from the basement to the ground floor. The horizontal and vertical smoke temperatures in the fire area, adjacent rooms, and stairwells were measured and dispersed in real time. In addition, fluctuations in the air velocity during the experiment were recorded. [Results] The results showed that in the fire area, there was a significant accumulation of smoke in the room after the fire. The smoke temperature maintained a relatively stable vertical gradient. However, the stairwell and its front room, which are connected to multiple areas, allowed a large amount of smoke to diffuse in neighboring zones, which resulted in reduced smoke accumulation and stable smoke stratification. Under experimental fire powers of 0.125 and 0.250 MW, the vertical temperature distribution in the fire area above a height of 3.50 m fluctuated significantly. Conversely, the smoke temperature below a height of 3.50 m remained consistent. In the room adjacent to the fire site, smoke initially spread across multiple interconnected areas. Despite this, smoke accumulation and settlement effects could still form further in the adjacent room and the stairwell's front room. In the stairwell's front room, which has a lower spatial limitation, smoke stratification was evident. Here, the spread of low-temperature smoke and air to distant rooms was more serious, resulting in a noticeable increase in the flue gas temperature in the lower space. In the stairwell, the smoke spread rapidly vertically. In the 0.125 MW fire scenario, smoke could reach the fourth or fifth floor area within 300 s, reducing the smoke layer height at the stairwell corner to 2.00 m, which poses a significant threat to personnel evacuation. [Conclusions] Through this analysis of smoke settlement characteristics in the fire area, the law of smoke spread and settlement characteristics in adjacent rooms and stairwells during 0.125 and 0.250 MW field fire experiments in the underground space of high-rise buildings is better understood. This knowledge of fire occurrence conditions, spread patterns, and smoke flow characteristics provides robust data support for smoke control design in the underground spaces of high-rise buildings. This approach improves the efficiency and effectiveness of fire response measures. This study successfully achieves its goal of analyzing smoke diffusion ranges and smoke layer heights.
Key words
high-rise building /
basement /
fire /
smoke spread
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